* Ouimet, Matthew: The Rise and Fall of the Brezhnev Doctrine in Soviet Foreign Policy.

Expansion and Coexistence: Soviet Foreign Policy, 1917-1973, 2nd ed.

Molotov declared in his report entitled " On the Foreign Policy of the Soviet Union " ( 31 October 1939 ) held on the fifth ( extraordinary ) session of the Supreme Soviet, that the Western " ruling circles " disguise their intentions with the pretext of defending democracy against Hitlerism, declaring " their aim in war with Germany is nothing more, nothing less than extermination of Hitlerism.

Although most council communists felt the Russian Revolution was working class in character, they believed that the Soviet Union was a state capitalist country, with the state replacing the individual capitalists ( an additional argument in favour of that was the continued existence of capitalist relations, as manifested e. g. in the New Economic Policy ).

Soviet Foreign Policy 1917-1941, Kreiger Publishing Company, 1960.

* The New Economic Policy is created by the Bolsheviks in the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic.

** New Economic Policy starts in the Soviet Russia.

In this sense, " market socialism " was first attempted during the 1920s in the Soviet Union as the New Economic Policy ( NEP ), but soon abandoned.

*" Seventy Years of Evil: Soviet Crimes from Lenin to Gorbachev ", by Michael Johns, Policy Review magazine, Fall 1987.

During the 1960s Brzezinski articulated the strategy of peaceful engagement for undermining the Soviet bloc and while serving on the State Department Policy Planning Council, persuaded President Johnson to adopt in October 1966 peaceful engagement as U. S. strategy, placing détente ahead of German reunification and thus reversing prior U. S. priorities.

* Johns, Michael ( 1987 ), " Seventy Years of Evil: Soviet Crimes from Lenin to Gorbachev ", Policy Review, The Heritage Foundation.

*" Seventy Years of Evil: Soviet Crimes from Lenin to Gorbachev ", by Michael Johns, Policy Review magazine, The Heritage Foundation, Fall 1987.

*" Gorbachev's Holocaust: Soviet Complicity in Ethiopia's Famine ", by Michael Johns, Policy Review, Summer 1988.

* Justice of the War and the Soviet Foreign Policy

Nonetheless, since the mid-1950s, despite the Communist Party of the Soviet Union ( CPSU ) having disowned Stalinism, the political culture of Stalinism — an omnipotent General Secretary, anti-Trotskyism, a five-year planned economy ( post-New Economic Policy ), and repudiation of the Molotov – Ribbentrop Pact secret protocols — remained the character of Soviet society until the accession of Mikhail Gorbachev as leader of the CPSU in 1985.

Led by Stepan Petrichenko and consisting of Soviet sailors, soldiers and civilians, the rebellion was one of the reasons for Vladimir Lenin and the Communist Party's decision to loosen its control of the Russian economy by implementing the New Economic Policy ( NEP ).

The action takes place in the Soviet Union during the New Economic Policy era.

This reform, the New Economic Policy ( NEP ), was accompanied by a new social policy of moderation and discipline, especially regarding Soviet youth.

Vyacheslav Molotov, the Foreign Policy Minister of the U. S. S. R., which was tied with Soviet-German non-aggression treaty, congratulated the Germans: " We hand over the most cordial congratulations by the Soviet government on the occasion of splendid success of German Wehrmacht.

* Fiddick, Thomas C., " The ' Miracle of the Vistula ': Soviet Policy versus Red Army Strategy ", The Journal of Modern History, vol.

In the media, his policies were mockingly called UMP ( Uus majanduspoliitika – " New Economic Policy " ( nep )) and KUMP ( Kõige uuem majanduspoliitika – " Newest Economic Policy ") after the economic policy in the Soviet Union at the time.

From 1975 to 1989, Angola was aligned with the Eastern bloc, in particular the Soviet Union, Libya, and Cuba.

From the start of the war, Massoud's mujahideen proved to be a thorn in the side for the occupying Soviet forces by ambushing Soviet and Afghan communist convoys travelling through the Salang Pass, resulting in fuel shortages in Kabul .< ref name =" Iyer ">

From 1925-52 the name was All-Union Communist Party ( bolsheviks ), and from 1952-91 Communist Party of the Soviet Union.

From the 19th century, up to the end of the 20th century, most of Central Asia has been part of the Russian Empire and the Soviet Union, both being Slavic majority countries.

From then on, until the ascension of Mikhail Gorbachev, the Central Committee played a minor role in the running of the party and state – the Politburo was the highest political organ in the Soviet Union.

From then on Stalin was the undisputed leader of the Soviet Union, and other leading officials, such as Bukharin, Tomsky, and Rykov were considerably weakened.

From 1966 to 1976, Alexei Kosygin, Podgorny and Mikhail Suslov, all leading officials, attended a Central Committee meeting once ; it was in 1973 to ratify the Soviet Union's treaty with West Germany.

From 1948 – 1960, $ 200 million in Soviet aid would be given to Albania for technical and infrastructural expansion.

From the end of the Continuation War with the Soviet Union in 1944 until 1991, the policy was to avoid superpower conflicts and to build mutual confidence with the Western powers and the Soviet Union.

From the outset, this new republic held that film would be the most ideal propaganda tool for the Soviet Union because of its widespread popularity among the established citizenry of the new land ; Vladimir Lenin, in fact, declared it the most important medium for educating the masses in the ways, means and successes of Communism, a position which was later echoed by Joseph Stalin.

From 1961 to 1972, the Soviet Union caught 138 gray whales ( they originally reported not having taken any ).

From its first years, government in the Soviet Union was based on the one-party rule of the Communists, as the Bolsheviks called themselves, beginning in March 1918.

From early 1939 onwards, Ribbentrop had become the leading advocate within the German government of reaching an understanding with the Soviet Union as the best way of pursuing both the short-term anti-Polish, and long-term anti-British foreign policy goals.

From 1929 to 1934, during the period when Soviet leader Joseph Stalin was trying to collectivize agriculture, Kazakhstan endured repeated famines, similar to the Holodomor in Ukraine, for which it may have provided a model, because peasants had slaughtered their livestock in protest against Soviet agricultural policy.

From 1930 to 1933, he served in the Soviet frontier guards on the Soviet-Chinese border.

" The Soviet Succession: From Andropov to Chernenko ," World Today, 40, April 1984, 134 – 41.

* Urban, Michael E. " From Chernenko to Gorbachev: A Repolitization of Official Soviet Discourse ," Soviet Union / Union Soviétique, 13, No. 2, 1986, 131 – 61.

From the mid-1940s the country was subject to Soviet economic control and saw considerable Russification of its peoples, but Latvian culture and infrastructures survived such that, during the period of Soviet liberalisation under Mikhail Gorbachev, Latvia once again took a path towards independence which eventually succeeded in August 1991 and was recognised by Russia the following month.

From this time, Libya started to buy armaments from Europe and the Soviet Union.

Following the death of terminally ill Konstantin Chernenko, the Politburo elected Mikhail Gorbachev to the position of General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union ( CPSU ) in March 1985, marking the rise of a new generation of leadership.

* 1984 – Konstantin Chernenko succeeds the late Yuri Andropov as general secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union.

Kremvax was announced on April 1, 1984 in a posting ostensibly originated there by Soviet leader Konstantin Chernenko.

Konstantin Ustinovich Chernenko ( 24 September 1911 – 10 March 1985 ) was a Soviet politician and the fifth General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union.

Chernenko was also Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet from 11 April 1984 until his death.

The turning point in Chernenko ’ s career was his assignment in 1948 to head the Communist Party ’ s propaganda department in the Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic.

In 1960, after Brezhnev was named chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet ( titular head of state of the Soviet Union ), Chernenko became his chief of staff.

During Brezhnev's final years, Chernenko became fully immersed in ideological Party work: Heading Soviet delegations abroad, accompanying Brezhnev to important meetings and conferences, and was a member of the commission that revised the Soviet Constitution in 1977.

He became the third Soviet leader to die in less than three years, and, upon being informed in the middle of the night of his death, US President Ronald Reagan, who was seven months older than Chernenko and just over three years older than his predecessor Andropov, is reported to have remarked " how am I supposed to get any place with the Russians if they keep dying on me?

The impact of Chernenko — or the lack of it — was evident in the way in which his death was reported in the Soviet press.

Chernenko was awarded the Order of the Red Banner of Labour, 1976, in 1981 and in 1984 he was awarded Hero of the Socialist Labour: on the latter occasion, Minister of Defence Ustinov underlined his rule as an " outstanding political figure, a loyal and unwavering continuer of the cause of the great Lenin "; in 1981 he was awarded with the Bulgarian Order of Georgi Dimitrov and in 1982 he received the Lenin Prize for his " Human Rights in Soviet Society.

Within three years of the deaths of Soviet Leaders Leonid Brezhnev, Yuri Andropov, and Konstantin Chernenko, Gorbachev was elected General Secretary by the Politburo in 1985.

* 1911 – Konstantin Chernenko, Soviet politician ( d. 1985 )

* February 13 – Konstantin Chernenko succeeds the late Yuri Andropov as General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union.

** Konstantin Chernenko, President of the Soviet Union ( d. 1985 )

* Konstantin Chernenko, later leader of the Soviet Union, becomes a candidate member of the Central Committee.

Soviet leader Konstantin Chernenko further rehabiliated Molotov ; in 1984 Molotov was even allowed to seek a membership in the Communist Party.

* Konstantin Chernenko ( 1911 – 1985 ), Soviet politician and General Secretary of the CPSU