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Soviet and hegemony
These interventions were meant to put an end to democratic liberalization efforts and uprisings that had the potential to compromise Soviet hegemony inside the Eastern bloc, which was considered by the Soviets to be an essential defensive and strategic buffer in case hostilities with NATO were to break out.
Despite being one of the founders of Cominform, he was also the first ( and the only successful ) Cominform member to defy Soviet hegemony.
As used for Central and Eastern European countries it implies that the countries in question were " satellites " under the hegemony of the Soviet Union.
From 1962 onwards, the challenge to the Soviet hegemony in the World Communist Movement made by the CPC resulted in various divisions in communist parties around the world.
The Soviet Union's attempts at regional hegemony in Eastern Europe and in Southwest Asia, however, changed Acheson's thinking.
The doctrine was a response to the 1979 invasion of Afghanistan by the Soviet Union, and was intended to deter the Soviet Union — the Cold War adversary of the United States — from seeking hegemony in the Gulf.
The team's 1976 report, which was leaked to the press, stated that " All the evidence points to an undeviating Soviet commitment to what is euphemistically called the ' worldwide triumph of socialism ,' but in fact connotes global Soviet hegemony ," highlighting a number of key areas where they believed the government's intelligence analysts had failed.
She has denounced the Soviet Union's control over Czechoslovakia, maintaining that she refuses to speak Russian to this day because of the Soviet Union's former hegemony over Eastern Europe.
Novak, along with collaborator Rowland Evans, learned in 1976 that a high-ranking Ford administration official had privately said that the current Soviet hegemony in Eastern Europe was preferable to the radical nationalism that could otherwise have come about.
In 46, many Xiyu ( modern Xinjiang and former Soviet central Asia ) kingdoms were suffering under the hegemony of one of the kingdoms, Shache ( Yarkand ).
Dubček's changes had broad support from the society, including the working class, but was seen by the Soviet leadership as a threat to their hegemony over other states of the Eastern Bloc and to the very safety of the Soviet Union.
With the 1943 dissolution of Comintern and the subsequent advent of the Cominform came Stalin's dismissal of the previous ideology, and adaptation to the conditions created for Soviet hegemony during the Cold War.
However, with the retreat of the Germans in 1944 1945, Soviet hegemony was re-established, and existed until 1990.
The doctrine was a response to the 1979 invasion of Afghanistan by the Soviet Union, and was intended to deter the Soviet Union — the Cold War adversary of the United States — from seeking hegemony in the Persian Gulf.
Politically, therefore, Yalta was an agreement on the postwar status quo in which Soviet Union hegemony reigned over about one-third and the Allies over two-thirds.
He saw the ravaged, war-torn Europe as a place to implant the American system — capitalism, western democracy, constitutional rule — and ( according to Soviet thinking ) extend American hegemony throughout the world.
The Soviet Union was attempting the same thing, extending its own systems as far as it could reach, and with two opposite empires struggling for hegemony, relationships between the United States and the Soviet Union quickly soured.

Soviet and extent
To the extent, then, that declining U.S. prestige means that other nations will be tempted to place their bets on an ultimate American defeat, and will thus be more vulnerable to Soviet intimidation, there is reason for concern.
German successes are closely related to the extent to which the German Luftwaffe was able to control the air war in early campaigns in Europe and the Soviet Union.
As this amounted mostly to cinema houses, the first Soviet films consisted of recycled films of the Russian Empire and its imports, to the extent that these were not determined to be offensive to the new Soviet ideology.
The maximum territorial extent of countries in the world under Soviet influence, after the Cuban Revolution of 1959 and before the official Sino-Soviet split of 1961.
As in many former Soviet republics, after Kyrgyzstan regained independence in August 1991 many individuals, organizations, and political parties sought to reestablish ( and, to a certain extent, to create from scratch ) a Kyrgyz national cultural identity ; often one that included a backlash against Russians.
Novotný then invited Soviet premier Leonid Brezhnev to Prague that December, seeking support ; but Brezhnev was surprised at the extent of the opposition to Novotný and thus supported his removal as Czechoslovakia's leader.
The Antonescu regime played a major role in the Holocaust, following to a lesser extent the Nazi policy of oppression and massacre of the Jews, and Romas, primarily in the Eastern territories Romania recovered or occupied from the Soviet Union ( Transnistria ) and in Moldavia.
The maximum territorial extent of countries in the world under Soviet Sphere of influence | influence, after the Cuban Revolution of 1959 and before the official Sino-Soviet split of 1961
The maximum territorial extent of countries in the world under Soviet Empire | Soviet Sphere of influence | influence, after the Cuban Revolution of 1959 and before the official Sino-Soviet split of 1961
Russian was the de facto official language of the central government and, to a large extent, republican governments of the former Soviet Union, but was not declared de jure state language until 1990.
In the later part of the war, when Soviet partisans started attacking Polish partisans, sympathizers and civilians, all non-communist Polish formations were ( to an increasing extent ) becoming involved in actions against the Soviets.
During the Cold War period, both superpowers, NATO and the Soviet Bloc, built massive nuclear arsenals, aimed, to a large extent, at each other.
But the advantages of PALs outweighed the disadvantages: thanks to the PALs weapons were able to be distributed to a greater extent in Europe, so as to prevent a rapid and selective destruction or conquest by the Soviet bloc, while still retaining U. S. control over the farther-flung weapons.
The rude awakening began when the Soviet Union reduced its economic aid to Vietnam, when the United States refused give Vietnam a promised three million dollars, and the extent of war damage became apparent.
Arguments about the case and the validity of the verdict took center stage in broader debates about the Cold War, McCarthyism, and the extent of Soviet espionage in the United States .< ref >
It was to some extent a victim of its own success ; it was unable to break the ways of thinking it had evolved in the 1910s and 1920s, in particular, to adjust to the new methods of the Soviet intelligence services the NKVD and GRU.
The first steps in import substitution were less theoretical and more pragmatic choices on how to face the limitations imposed by recession, even though the governments in Argentina ( Juan Domingo Perón ) and Brazil ( Getúlio Vargas ) had the precedent of Fascist Italy ( and, to some extent, the Soviet Union ) as inspirations of state-induced industrialization.
To what extent the various individuals were involved with Soviet intelligence is a topic of dispute.
To the extent that it can be said to have " characters ," they are the cameramen of the title, the film editor, and the modern Soviet Union they discover and present in the film.
Until the revelation of the extent of Robert Hanssen's spying seven years later, Ames compromised more CIA assets than any known Soviet mole in American history.
The majority of the women listed on in the twentieth-century and twenty-first century services are from Southeast Asia, countries of the former Soviet Union and ( to a lesser extent ) from Latin America.

Soviet and influence
Here I do not speak of military power where our advantage is obvious and overwhelming but of political power -- of influence, if you will -- about which the relevant questions are: Is Soviet influence throughout the world greater or less than it was ten years ago??
:" The establishment of the Republic of Afghanistan 1973 increased the Soviet investment in Afghanistan and the PDPA influence in the government's military and civil bodies.
These developments gave rise to the Islamist and Islamic movement opposed to the increasing communist and Soviet influence over Afghanistan.
* Dividing up Europe The 1944 division of Europe between the Soviet Union and Britain into zones of influence.
The Chinese had long been a source of aid and apparently wished to maintain contact with Comoros to counterbalance Indian and Soviet ( later Russian ) influence in the Indian Ocean.
Stalin opposed the Chinese Communist Party in Xinjiang because he wanted to expand Soviet influence in the province.
However, since the contras failed to win widespread popular support or military victories within Nicaragua, since opinion polls indicated that a majority of the U. S. public was not supportive of the contras, since the Reagan administration lost much of its support regarding its contra policy within Congress after disclosure of CIA mining of Nicaraguan ports, and since a report of the Bureau of Intelligence and Research commissioned by the State Department found Reagan's allegations about Soviet influence in Nicaragua " exaggerated ", Congress cut off all funds for the contras in 1985 by the third Boland Amendment.
Nevertheless, the case for support of the contras continued to be made in Washington, D. C. by both the Reagan administration and the Heritage Foundation, which argued that support for the contras would counter Soviet influence in Nicaragua.
But by using structural reforms to widen opportunities for leaders and popular movements in the union republics to gain influence, Gorbachev also made it possible for nationalist, orthodox communist, and populist forces to oppose his attempts to liberalize and revitalize Soviet communism.
Washington considered the military intervention successful since it brought about regional stability, weakened Soviet influence, and intimidated the Egyptian and Syrian governments, whose anti-West political position had hardened after the Suez Crisis.
During the Cold War era, the United States was keen to establish a military base in the Indian Ocean to counter Soviet influence in the region and protect the sea-lanes for oil transportation from the Middle East.
Historians have liberally used emperor and, especially so, empire anachronistically and out of its Roman and European context to describe any large state and its ruler in the past and present ; sometimes even to refer to non-monarchically ruled states and their spheres of influence: such examples include the " Athenian Empire " of the late 5th century BC, the " Angevin Empire " of the Plantagenets, or the Soviet and American " empires " of the Cold War era.
As well, the Soviet Union's influence in Europe had increased throughout the 1920s and early 1930s.
In the 1970s and 1980s, the writings of Hayek were also a major influence on many of the leaders of the " velvet " revolution in Central Europe during the collapse of the old Soviet Empire.
At the time the Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev initiated perestroika and glasnost, which weakened Soviet influence in Europe, particularly in the USSR.
Their withdrawal from Afghanistan was seen as an ideological victory in America, which had backed some Mujahideen factions through three U. S. presidential administrations to counter Soviet influence in the vicinity of the oil-rich Persian Gulf.
After the German withdrawal, the EAM-ELAS guerrilla army effectively controlled most of Greece, but its leaders were reluctant to take control of the country, as they knew that Soviet premier Joseph Stalin had agreed that Greece would be in the British sphere of influence after the war.
Iran barely maintained its independence throughout the late 19th and early 20th centuries, being carved up into spheres of influence, invaded in 1917 and 1941, occupied between 1941 1946, subjected to Soviet attempts to create a separate Azerbaijan socialist republic in 1946, and having its government overthrown in 1921 and again in 1953.
The number of IMF member countries has more than quadrupled from the 44 states involved in its establishment, reflecting in particular the attainment of political independence by many African countries and more recently the 1991 dissolution of the Soviet Union because most countries in the Soviet Sphere of influence did not join the IMF.
After the collapse of the short-lived Third Reich, and the failure of its attempt to create a great land empire in Eurasia, Germany was split between Western and Soviet spheres of influence until Perestroika and the collapse of the Soviet Union.

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