Several bishops sought consecration abroad because of the irregularity of Stigand's position.

Because little is known of Stigand's activities before his appointment as a bishop, it is difficult to determine to whom he owed his position.

The legates did nothing to alter Stigand's position either, although one of the legates later helped depose Stigand in 1070.

Further hurting Stigand's position, Pope Nicholas II in 1061 declared pluralism to be uncanonical unless approved by the pope.

Current historical research has shown that this ceremony was performed by Ealdred, due to the controversy about Stigand's position.

Stigand's controversial position may have influenced Pope Alexander II's support of William the Conqueror's invasion of England.

The diocese of York took advantage of Stigand's difficulties with the papacy and encroached on the suffragans, or bishops owing obedience to an archbishop, normally subject to Canterbury.

King William appears to have left the initiative for Stigand's deposition to the papacy, and did nothing to hinder Stigand's authority until the papal legates arrived in England to depose the archbishop and reform the English Church.

The historian George Garnett draws the parallel between the treatment of King Harold in Domesday Book, where he is essentially ignored as king, and Stigand's treatment after his deposition, where his time as archbishop is as much as possible treated as not occurring.

Wulfstan had deliberately avoided consecration by the current archbishop of Canterbury, Stigand, since Stigand's own consecration had been uncanonical.

The family was of mixed English and Scandinavian ancestry, as is shown by the fact that Stigand's name was Norse but his brother's was English.

Contributing factors in Emma and Stigand's fall included Emma's wealth, and dislike of her political influence, which was linked to the reign of the unpopular Harthacnut.

The appointment was either a reward from Godwin for Stigand's support during the conflict with Edward or a reward from King Edward for successfully negotiating a peaceful conclusion to the crisis in 1052.

The papacy refused to recognise Stigand's elevation, as Robert was still alive and had not been deprived of office by a pope.

However, Benedict was deposed in the following year ; the reforming party declared Benedict an anti-pope, and nullified all his acts, including Stigand's pallium grant.

The exact circumstances that led to Benedict granting a pallium are unknown, whether it was at Stigand's request or was given without prompting.

There were three reasons given for Stigand's deposition: that he held the bishopric of Winchester in plurality with Canterbury ; that he not only occupied Canterbury after Robert of Jumièges fled but also seized Robert's pallium which was left behind ; and that he received his own pallium from Benedict X, an anti-pope.

Traditionally, the building of the cathedral has been credited to one of Stigand's successor's, Ralph de Luffa, but the architectural historian R. D. H. Gem argues it is possible that Stigand began the building of Chichester Cathedral, and Tatton-Brown goes further, by suggesting that " most of the first church was completed as far as the fourth bay in the nave by the time of Bishop Luffa ".

Monastic writers of the time accused Stigand of extorting money and lands from the church, and by 1066, the only estates richer than Stigand's were the royal estates and those of Harold Godwinson.

Neither the year nor the date of Stigand's birth is known.

Little is known of Stigand's life during Cnut's reign.

The problem for historians, is that virtually no charters or other documents survive from Stigand's time, at least that are not forgeries.

Stigand's excommunication meant that he could only assist at the coronation.

He made no profession of obedience to Aldred, instead offering a profession of obedience to Stigand's successor Lanfranc.

Because the position of Stigand, the archbishop of Canterbury, was irregular, Wulfstan sought and received consecration as a bishop from Ealdred.

He also maintained the rights of the Pope over Illyria and the position of the archbishop of Thessalonica as head of the local Illyrian church.

In 1604 Clement VIII appointed him archbishop of Nazareth, although this was an honorary position as the Holy Land was under Turkish rule.

Soon after he was elected Pope, Sylvester II confirmed the position of his former rival Arnulf as archbishop of Rheims.

At the same time Gediminas privately informed the papal legates at Riga through his ambassadors that his difficult position compelled him to postpone his steadfast resolve of being baptized, and the legates showed their confidence in him by forbidding the neighboring states to war against Lithuania for the next four years, besides ratifying the treaty made between Gediminas and the archbishop of Riga.

In that case the person who is appointed to such a position is given the personal title of archbishop ( ad personam ).

An archbishop is not a distinct type of cleric, but is simply a bishop who occupies a particular position with special authority.

Combined with Walter's position as archbishop, Walter wielded a power unseen in England since the days of Lanfranc.

But good relations were soon restored between the two, and the archbishop acted as president of the council during Edward's absence from England in 1345 and 1346, although he never regained his former position of influence.

His name appears high in a list of those who were present at the event, implying that he may have held an important position in Flambard's household, but appended to his name is " subsequently archbishop ", suggesting that his inclusion could have been a later interpolation.

At that time St-Calais opposed Anselm's attempt to appeal to Rome over the issue, and steadfastly maintained the king's position against Anselm, even advocating that the archbishop be deprived of his lands and sent into exile.

In the case of York the collegiate churches of Beverley, Ripon and Southwell were almost in the same position, but although the archbishop had a stall in each he had no diocesan cathedra in them, and the chapters were not united with that of the metropolitan church in the direct government of the diocese, or the election of the archbishop, nor had they those other rights which were held to denote the cathedral character of a church.

He was elected by his brother Culdees and confirmed by the primate, and had a voice in the election of the archbishop by virtue of his position in the chapter.

The intimacy was renewed when Anselm became archbishop of Canterbury in 1093 ; afterward Eadmer was not only Anselm's disciple, but also his friend and director, being formally appointed to this position by Pope Urban II.

In order to improve his financial position, he accepted early in 1786 the post of librarian to Friedrich Karl Joseph von Erthal, the prince-elector and of archbishop of Mainz, who bestowed many important offices upon him and obtained his elevation to nobility from the emperor Leopold II.

Matthias consolidated his position by alliances with the dukes of Saxony and Bavaria, with the Swiss Confederation and the archbishop of Salzburg, establishing henceforth the greatest potentate in central Europe.

* 1149 – 1179: Roger de Bailleul ( elected archbishop of Canterbury, but declined the position )

No one could have attained or kept the position of archbishop at the time without being so.

The most important senator or ' president of the senate ' was, at the time, the archbishop of Gniezno who, as Primate of Poland and ' first Duke of the Kingdom ' was considered to hold the most senior state position below that of the monarch.

Rufus resigned himself to Anselm's position as archbishop, and at the king's court at Windsor he consented to Anselm being given the pallium.

Major archbishop Sviatoslav Shevchuk wearing a white omophor ( with five bars at the bottom, signifying his position as head of an Eastern rite church ).

Upon his placement to the position of archbishop of Chicago, Cardinal Mundelein made the education of Catholics one of his primary goals.

But it is also likely that Wulfstan's position as archbishop of York, an important centre in the then politically-sensitive northern regions of the English kingdom, made him not only a very influential man in the North, but also a powerful ally for the king and his family in the South.