Stoic logic, on the other hand, was concerned with the interrelations of propositions such as " it is day " (" if it is day, it is light: but it is day: so it is light ").

Frege wanted to show that mathematics grows out of logic, but in so doing, he devised techniques that took him far beyond the Aristotelian syllogistic and Stoic propositional logic that had come down to him in the logical tradition. Title page to Begriffsschrift ( 1879 ) In effect, Frege invented axiomatic predicate logic, in large part thanks to his invention of quantified variables, which eventually became ubiquitous in mathematics and logic, and which solved the problem of multiple generality.

He accepted the Stoic categorization of philosophy into physics ( natural philosophy, including metaphysics and theology ), logic ( including dialectic ), and ethics.

Aristotle's fame was not great during the Hellenistic period, when Stoic logic was in vogue, but later peripatetic commentators popularized his work ; it formed the basis of Islamic, Jewish, and Christian Medieval philosophy.

He developed Stoic pantheism, and applied his materialistic views to logic and ethics.

His doctrinal heirs, the Stoic logicians, inaugurated the most important school of logic in antiquity other than Aristotle's peripatetics.

It was perhaps the Dialecticians, Diodorus and Philo, who were the biggest influence on the development of Stoic logic, and that Zeno studied under Stilpo to learn his moral teachings, although Stilpo, too, is said to have excelled " in the invention of arguments and in sophistry.

Through their development of propositional logic, the Dialectical school played an important role in the development of logic, which was an important precursor of Stoic logic.

Middle Platonism was promoted by the necessity of considering the main theories of the post-Platonic schools of philosophy, such as the Aristotelian logic and the Stoic psychology and ethics ( theory of goods and emotions ).

Ambrose's intense episcopal consciousness furthered the growing doctrine of the Church and its sacerdotal ministry, while the prevalent asceticism of the day, continuing the Stoic and Ciceronian training of his youth, enabled him to promulgate a lofty standard of Christian ethics.

Despite its explicitly Christian nature, Clement's work draws on Stoic philosophy and pagan literature ; Homer alone is cited over sixty times in the work.

His imagery is apt to the traditional principles of augury and its broader interpretation by Stoic apologists of the Imperial cult.

206 BC ), who was its third head, and who formalized much of Stoic doctrine.

This first version was censored for being considered " subversive " because it portrayed Sebastian being deposed, its comments in favor of an Anglo-Spanish alliance and possible pro-Catholicism, which led to the final version changing to the story of Antiochus ( which led to historical inaccuracy in exaggerating his defeat at that phase in history to fit the earlier text ), turning Spaniards into Romans and the Catholic eremite into a Stoic philosopher.

We shall see later on that Stoic ethics takes its cue from this Socratic insight.

Philo's doctrine of dead, inert, non-existent matter harmonizes in its essentials with the Platonic and Stoic doctrine.

Nietzsche singles out the Stoic precept of " living according to nature " (§ 9 ) as showing how philosophy " creates the world in its own image " by trying to regiment nature " according to the Stoa ".

In his work On the Nature of the Gods, Cicero presents a Stoic allegory of the myth in which the castration signifies " that the highest heavenly aether, that seed-fire which generates all things, did not require the equivalent of human genitals to proceed in its generative work.

After the death of Scipio in 129, he returned to the Stoic school in Athens, and was its last undisputed scholarch.

Man becomes man as he refines himself ; he even becomes godlike: “ Deus est mortali iuvare mortalem ,” wrote Pliny, translating a Greek Stoic, “ To help man is man ’ s true God .” Finally, the man who practiced humanitas cultivated his aesthetic sensibilities as he listened to his reason: " Cum musis ,” wrote Cicero, “ id est, cum humanitate et doctrina habere commercium ".< ref > Peter Gay's citation of the phrase, Cum musis, etc., refers to an anecdote in the Tusculan Disputations, in which Cicero recounts how during a visit to Syracuse, in Sicily, he had chanced to discover the tomb of Archimedes, at that time unknown to the inhabitants of the city, but which he, Cicero, recognized from its description in a line of poetry he had memorized ; and he contrasted the enduring fame of Archimedes, the mathematician, to the obloquy of the notorious Sicilian tyrant Dionysius the Elder, buried nearby: “ Who is there who has had anything at all to do with the Muses, that is, with humanity and learning, who would not prefer to be this mathematician rather than that tyrant?

His intention was to restore the philosophy of Plato, the genuine Pythagorean and mediator between Socrates and Pythagoras in its original purity, cleared from the Aristotelian and Stoic doctrines, and purified from the unsatisfactory and perverse explanations, which he said were found even in Speusippus and Xenocrates, and which, through the influence of Arcesilaus and Carneades had led to a bottomless skepticism.

Historian Nicholas Campion has discussed the roots of the notion that celestial and psychological realms are connected, which can be traced to the sixth century BC, and in Ptolemy's case presents a mixture of Aristotelian and Stoic philosophy, resting on the Platonic view that " the soul comes from the heavens " which explains " how human character comes to be determined by the heavens ".

Whether or not this view is correct, Aristo clearly thought he doing something more positive than playing the Cynic and trying to undermine the roots of the Stoic system:

Marcus Porcius Cato Uticensis ( 95 BC, Rome – April 46 BC, Utica ), commonly known as Cato the Younger ( Cato Minor ) to distinguish him from his great-grandfather ( Cato the Elder ), was a politician and statesman in the late Roman Republic, and a follower of the Stoic philosophy.

The Enchiridion, or Handbook of Epictetus, (), often shortened to simply " The Handbook ", is a short manual of Stoic ethical advice compiled by Arrian, who had been a pupil of Epictetus at the beginning of the 2nd century.

M. von Engelhardt has attempted to extend this line of treatment to Justin's entire theology, and to show that his conceptions of God, of free will and righteousness, of redemption, grace, and merit prove the influence of the cultivated Greek pagan world of the 2nd century, dominated by the Platonic and Stoic philosophy.

* Apollodorus of Seleucia, Stoic philosopher of the 2nd century BC

He was the teacher of Zeno of Citium in the last years of the century, and was undoubtably the biggest influence on Zeno in his development of Stoic philosophy.

Gaius Musonius Rufus, was a Roman Stoic philosopher of the 1st century AD.

The 2nd century AD Stoic philosopher Hierocles equated the Hyperboreans to the Scythians, and the Rhipean Mountains to the Ural Mountains.

Crates, of Mallus in Cilicia ( eastern part of modern day Mediterranean Region, Turkey ), was a Greek language grammarian and Stoic philosopher of the 2nd century BC, leader of the literary school and head of the library of Pergamum.

Gaius Blossius ( 2nd century BC ) was, according to Plutarch, a philosopher and student of the Stoic philosopher Antipater of Tarsus, from the city of Cumae in Campania, Italy, who ( along with the Greek rhetorician, Diophanes ) instigated Roman tribune Tiberius Gracchus to pursue a land reform movement on behalf of the plebs.

This text was probably composed during the seventh century, and evidence suggests Neoplatonic, Pythagoric, and Stoic influences.

Chaeremon of Alexandria ( 1st century CE ) was a Stoic philosopher, historian, and grammarian.

* Hierocles ( Stoic ), 2nd century, Stoic philosopher

mid 3rd century BCE ), a Stoic philosopher and disciple of Zenon

early-mid 1st century BCE ) was a Stoic philosopher, born in Tarsus.

In the 3rd century BC, Arcesilaus adopted skepticism, which became a central tenet of the school until 90 BC when Antiochus added Stoic elements, rejected skepticism, and began a period known as Middle Platonism.

* Polemon of Athens, a 2nd century BC Stoic philosopher, also referred to as Polemon of Ilium

Born in Seleucia on the Tigris in Babylonia, Diogenes was educated at Athens under the auspices of Chrysippus and succeeded Zeno of Tarsus as head ( scholarch ) of the Stoic school there in the 2nd century BC.

* Zeno of Citium ( 333 BC-264 BC ), founder of the Stoic school of philosophy

* Zeno of Tarsus ( 200s BC ), Stoic philosopher

* Zeno of Citium, Hellenistic Stoic philosopher from Citium, Cyprus ( b. 333 BC )

* Athenodoros Cananites, Stoic philosopher ( b. 74 BC )

Zeno was the founder of the Stoic school of philosophy, which he taught in Athens from about 300 BC.

Chrysippus of Soli ( Ancient Greek:, ; c. 279 BC – c. 206 BC ) was a Greek Stoic philosopher.

" He succeeded Cleanthes as head of the Stoic school when Cleanthes died, in around 230 BC.

** Cleanthes of Assos, Stoic philosopher who has been the head of the Stoic school from 263 BC, after the death of Zeno of Citium ( b. c. 301 BC )

* Posidonius of Apamea, Greek Stoic philosopher and scientist ( d. 51 BC )

* Chrysippus, Greek philosopher from Soloi who was the principal systematiser of Stoic philosophy ( b. c. 280 BC )

* Cleanthes of Assos, Stoic philosopher who has been the head of the Stoic school from 263 BC, after the death of Zeno of Citium ( b. c. 301 BC )

4 BC – AD 65 ) was a Roman Stoic philosopher, statesman, dramatist, and in one work humorist, of the Silver Age of Latin literature.

* Diogenes of Babylon or " Diogenes the Stoic " ( c. 230 – c. 150 BC ), Stoic philosopher from Seleucia, frequently confused with the following

Cleanthes (, Kleanthēs ; c. 330 BC – c. 230 BC ), of Assos, was a Greek Stoic philosopher and the successor to Zeno as the second head ( scholarch ) of the Stoic school in Athens.