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Structuralist and Marxist
Matias Vernengo, a University of Utah economist, identifies two main streams in dependency theory: the Latin American Structuralist, typified by the work of Prebisch, Celso Furtado and Anibal Pinto at the United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America ( ECLAC, or, in Spanish, CEPAL ); and the American Marxist, developed by Paul A. Baran, Paul Sweezy, and Andre Gunder Frank.
According to Vernengo, the Latin American Structuralist and the American Marxist schools had significant differences but agreed on some basic points:
Louis Althusser, the French Structuralist Marxist, criticises Marxist Humanists for not recognising the dichotomy between ' Young Marx ' and ' Mature Marx '.

Structuralist and theories
Urrutia applied the Structuralist theories of Claude Lévi-Strauss to the first chapter of the Bible in the article " The Structure of Genesis, Chapter One.

Structuralist and Literary
Culler's " expanded, reorganized and rewritten " doctoral dissertation, " Structuralism: The Development of Linguistic Models and Their Application to Literary Studies ," became an influential prize-winning book, Structuralist Poetics ( 1975 ).

Structuralist and ).
Philosophers commonly referred to as Post-structuralists include Michel Foucault, Roland Barthes, Jean Baudrillard, Gilles Deleuze ( all of whom began their careers within a Structuralist framework ), Jacques Derrida, Pierre Bourdieu, Jean-François Lyotard, Julia Kristeva, Hélène Cixous, Luce Irigaray and, sometimes, the American cultural theorists, critics and intellectuals they influenced ( e. g. Judith Butler, Jonathan Crary, John Fiske, Rosalind Krauss, Hayden White ).
His most recent book is Reconstructing Macroeconomics: Structuralist Proposals and Critiques of the Mainstream ( Harvard University Press, 2003 ).
In linguistics, the tendency is to use haček ( with no long mark ), largely due to the influence of the Prague School ( particularly on Structuralist linguists who subsequently developed alphabets for previously unwritten languages of the Americas ).

poststructuralist and Marxist
Frame's writing became the focus of academic criticism from the late 1970s, with approaches ranging from Marxist and social realist, to feminist and poststructuralist.

poststructuralist and theories
Drawing on postmodernist and poststructuralist academic theories of the 1980s, the New Queer Cinema presented human identity and sexuality as socially constructed, and therefore fluid and changeable, rather than fixed.

poststructuralist and ).
He points to the transition, for many critics, from a ‘ structuralist ’ approach through the 1970s and 1980s, in which ecology maintains a key position in the discipline, to a ‘ poststructuralist ’ approach with an emphasis on the ‘ politics ’ in political ecology ( Walker 2005, p. 74-75 ).
") Since the 1970s, the prevalence of poststructuralist methods of criticism has resulted in students turning away from his work, although a number of scholars have recently returned to considering ' character ' as a historical category of evaluation ( for instance, Michael Bristol ).
The term has since paled in poststructuralist discourse, and usually carries a negative connotation insofar as it assumes a transcendental subjectivity which overly privileges a humanistic conception of Being ( see Michel Foucault, The Order of Things ).

psychoanalytic and Marxist
In Lacan's psychoanalytic theory, for example, the structural order of " the Symbolic " is distinguished both from " the Real " and " the Imaginary "; similarly, in Althusser's Marxist theory, the structural order of the capitalist mode of production is distinct both from the actual, real agents involved in its relations and from the ideological forms in which those relations are understood.
The current concept has its roots in socialist and Marxist feminism ; Rosemary Hennessay and Chrys Ingraham, editors of Materialist Feminism: A Reader in Class, Difference, and Women ’ s Lives, describe material feminism as the " conjuncture of several discourses — historical materialism, Marxist and radical feminism, as well as postmodernist and psychoanalytic theories of meaning and subjectivity .”

psychoanalytic and theories
Wilhelm Reich combined his psychoanalytic and political theories in his book The Mass Psychology of Fascism in 1933.
Douglas C. Haldeman writes that Nicolosi promotes psychoanalytic theories suggesting that homosexuality is a form of arrested psychosexual development, resulting from " an incomplete bond and resultant identification with the same-sex parent, which is then symbolically repaired in psychotherapy ".
Various psychoanalytic theories explain homophobia as a threat to an individual's own same-sex impulses, whether those impulses are imminent or merely hypothetical.
Psychoanalytic theories, focused on unresolved internal and relational conflicts, have been posited as overall explanations of mental disorder, although today most psychoanalytic groups are said to adhere to the biopsychosocial model and to accept an eclectic mix of subtypes of psychoanalysis.
Freund also challenged contemporary psychoanalytic theories of male homosexuality that suggested it was due to a fear or aversion to women.
A possible explanation is found in various psychoanalytic theories, which have generally explained homophobia as a threat to an individual's own homosexual impulses causing repression, denial, or reaction formation ( or all three ; West, 1977 ).
Her article was one of the first major essays that helped shift the orientation of film theory towards a psychoanalytic framework, influenced by the theories of Sigmund Freud and Jacques Lacan.
Projective tests lost some of their popularity during the 1980s and 1990s in part because of the overall loss of popularity of the psychoanalytic method and theories.
Psychoanalytic feminism is based on Freud and his psychoanalytic theories.
He is most widely known for his psychoanalytic theories on borderline personality organization and narcissistic pathology.
Rejecting both imitation and protest, Showalter advocated approaching feminist criticism from a cultural perspective in the current Female phase, rather than from perspectives that traditionally come from an androcentric perspective like psychoanalytic and biological theories, for example.
panopticon – paraffin test – participatory justice – peace model – peacemaking criminology – penal couple – penile plethysmography – penitentiary – penology – perfect crime – perjury – pharmaceutical diversion – phenobarbital – phenomenological criminology – pimping – piracy – plea bargain – plea of temporary insanity – police – police corruption – police misconduct – police riot – police state – police surgeon – polygraph – Portland Seven – positivism – positivist school of criminology – post-crime victimization – post-mortem examination – postmortem lividity – postal fraud – postmodern criminology – powercontrol theory – Alma Preinkert – primary deviance – primary research – prison – prison cell – prisons in the United States – Prohibition – prosecutor's fallacy – prostitution – protection / avoidance strategy – psychiatric criminology – psychiatric theories of criminology – psychoactive substance – psychoanalytic criminology – psychological profiling – psychological theories – psychopath – public order crime – punishment – pure research – pyromania
Key personality approaches utilized in political psychology are psychoanalytic theories, trait-based theories and motive-based theories.
He spent many years trying to " reduce " personality to neurology, a cause he later gave up on before developing his now well-known psychoanalytic theories.
Reik's theories were a strong influence on the French psychoanalytic theorist Jacques Lacan, and anticipated recent developments in US psychoanalysis, such as its current emphasis on intersubjectivity and countertransference.

psychoanalytic and Literary
In 1968, Norman Holland drew on psychoanalytic psychology in The Dynamics of Literary Response to model the literary work.

psychoanalytic and From
From a psychoanalytic perspective in which intersubjectivity and relatedness are central, this is fascinating and welcome news.
From there, a wider consideration of the subject position of the viewer led to wider engagements with critical theory-to psychoanalytic film theory proper.
From early psychology in the 19th century, the behaviorist school of thought ran concurrently and shared commonalities with the psychoanalytic and Gestalt movements in psychology into the 20th century ; but also differed from the mental philosophy of the Gestalt psychologists in critical ways.
From the 1960s, alongside the protagonists of the Frankfurt School, the Mitscherlichs played an important part in post-war Germany's intellectual debates, employing psychoanalytic thought for explaining the causes behind Nazi Germany and its aftermath in German society to the present day.
From this perspective, " the art of soothing ourselves is a fundamental life skill ; some psychoanalytic thinkers, such as John Bowlby and D. W. Winnicott see this as the most essential of all psychic tools.
From Jaspers ' perspective it was assumed that the only way to comprehend a patient's experience is through his or her own description ( through an approach of empathic and non-theoretical enquiry ), as distinct from an interpretive or psychoanalytic approach which assumes the analyst might understand experiences or processes of which the patient is unaware, such as defense mechanisms or unconscious drives.
From Kristeva's psychoanalytic perspective, abjection is done to the part of ourselves that we exclude: the mother.
From the 1980s, she became increasingly concerned with using a psychoanalytic understanding of drives and the unconscious, owing less to the Freudianism of an André Breton or a Salvador Dalí, and much more to the structuralist Lacan and the " dissident surrealist " Bataille.

psychoanalytic and 8
Heinz Kohut ( 3 May 1913, Vienna – 8 October 1981, Chicago ) was an Austrian-born American psychoanalyst best known for his development of Self psychology, an influential school of thought within psychodynamic / psychoanalytic theory which helped transform the modern practice of analytic and dynamic treatment approaches.

psychoanalytic and ).
* The psychological processes by which the phenomena of everyday consciousness are generated ( psychoanalytic thinkers ).
As opposed to the psychoanalytic tradition, driven by the relatively speculative ( in the sense of being hard to empirically verify ), theoretical concepts such as the Oedipus complex or Electra complex, the cognitive tradition of research on unconscious processes is based on relatively few theoretical assumptions and is very empirically oriented ( i. e., it is mostly data driven ).
On the other hand, feminist theorists such as Juliet Mitchell, Nancy Chodorow, Jessica Benjamin, Jane Gallop, Bracha Ettinger, Shoshana Felman, Griselda Pollock and Jane Flax have argued that psychoanalytic theory is vital to the feminist project and must, like other theoretical traditions, be adapted by women to free it from vestiges of sexism ( i. e. being censored ).
Rank was the first to use the term “ pre-Oedipal ” in a public psychoanalytic forum in 1925 ( Rank, 1996, p. 43 ).
First laid out by Sigmund Freud, psychoanalytic theory has undergone many refinements since his work ( see psychoanalysis ).
In 1922 Reich set up a private practice as a psychoanalyst, and became a clinical assistant in Freud's psychoanalytic polyclinic, which treated patients who could not afford the fees ; he later became deputy director of the clinic under Eduard Hitschmann ( 1871 – 1957 ).
He has a full-time private practice providing psychoanalytic treatment to individuals, couples, and families in Newton, Massachusetts, as well as specialized work in forensic psychology ( e. g., expert witness testimony in cases involving the prediction of dangerousness ).
In 1956, Erich Fromm founded the Sociedad Mexicana de Psicoanálisis and from his house in Cuernavaca promoted new ideas in the field of psychiatry, incorporating Zen Buddhism and " communal psychoanalytic studies " ( estudios psicoanalíticos comunitarios ).
I was of course opposed to this measure, but I still thought, as did my colleagues at the psychiatric university hospital in Prague where I was working, that homosexuality was an experientially acquired neurosis " ( p. 223 ) He then developed phallometry to replace psychoanalytic methods of assessment because " sychoanalysis had turned out to be a failure, virtually unusable as an instrument for individual diagnosis or research .... When phallometry began to look promising as a test of erotic sex and age preferences, we started using it mainly as a test of pedophilia, that is determining who has an erotic preference for children over adults " ( p. 223-224 ).
But what is extracted, she argues, is the emotion a person has partially displaced, in the psychoanalytic sense, from its original object ( her own baby left behind ) onto another ( the baby she is now paid to care for ).
The more elusive the facts, the more the data elude direct human perception, the more inevitable and indispensable the myth ( as in string theory, psychoanalytic theory, the biblical account of the Exodus, creation, and eschatology ).
ISBN 1-59051-009-7 ( Mayer and Marinelli explore textual changes in different versions of The Interpretation of Dreams and offer an historical account of how the book became the founding text of the psychoanalytic movement ).
Aspects of Bertha Pappenheim ‘ s biography ( especially her role as Breuer's patient ) were treated in the film Freud by John Huston ( along with elements of other early psychoanalytic case histories ).
But in later psychoanalytic theory, Eros is opposed by the destructive death instinct of Thanatos ( death instinct or death drive ).
Some examples of psychotherapy include: cognitive-behavioral therapy ( the challenging of irrational thoughts and formation of alternative ways of coping and thinking ), psychoanalytic therapy ( an analyzation of underlying motives and issues ), group therapy ( where two or more clients work with one or more therapists about a specific issue, this is beneficial for those who feel as if they are the only one experiencing a certain problem ), humanistic therapy ( person-centered therapy where the positive aspects are highlighted ), and self-therapy ( personal time for the individual where journaling, self-disciple, self-monitoring, and honesty with self are essential ).
This dichotomy can be seen in at least one of two ways ; as an opening of the psychoanalytic model to existential and spiritual phenomenology ( see Epstein's " Thoughts Without a Thinker " for a recent exposition of the idea that psychoanalysis and Buddhist thought can be productively synchronized ), or as an unacknowledged radical interrogation of core psychoanalytic assumptions ( See DuQuesne's " Killing Freud " for a thorough discussion of this trend in analytic writing ).
Humanist psychologist Carl Rogers opposed psychoanalytic personality theory as he was dissatisfied with the ' dehumanising nature ' of this school of thought ( Pervin & Oliver 1997 ).
However, the biological psychiatrist typically does not discount psychoanalytic approaches ( talk therapies ).
Hartmann ’ s contributions broadened the scope of psychoanalytic concerns, from psychopathology to general human development, from an isolated, self-contained treatment method to a sweeping intellectual discipline among other disciplines " ( p. 35 ).
Their large body of research ( known as the Berkeley studies ) focused mainly on prejudice within a psychoanalytic / psychosocial theoretical framework ( i. e., Freudian and Frommian ).
*" Writing as psychoanalytic pedagogy: a primer ( the Columbia Psychoanalytic Writing Program ).

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