Rigel has been a known visual binary since at least 1831, when it was first measured by F. G. W. Struve.

The first person to publish a star's parallax was Friedrich G. W. von Struve, when he announced a value of 0. 125 arcseconds ( 0. 125 ″) for Vega.

But Friedrich Bessel was skeptical about Struve's data, and, when Bessel published a parallax of 0. 314 ″ for the star system 61 Cygni, Struve revised his value for Vega's parallax to nearly double the original estimate.

The first white dwarf discovered was in the triple star system of 40 Eridani, which contains the relatively bright main sequence star 40 Eridani A, orbited at a distance by the closer binary system of the white dwarf 40 Eridani B and the main sequence red dwarf 40 Eridani C. The pair 40 Eridani B / C was discovered by William Herschel on 31 January 1783 ;< sup >, p. 73 </ sup > it was again observed by Friedrich Georg Wilhelm Struve in 1825 and by Otto Wilhelm von Struve in 1851.

Friedrich Georg Wilhelm von Struve () ( April 15, 1793 – November 23, 1864 ( Julian calendar: November 11 )) was a Baltic German astronomer from a famous dynasty.

He was born at Altona, Duchy of Holstein ( then a part of the Denmark – Norway kingdoms ), the son of Jacob Struve ( 1755 – 1841 ), and was the second of an entire family of astronomers through five generations.

He was the great-grandfather of Otto Struve and the father of Otto Wilhelm von Struve.

He was also the grandfather of Hermann Struve, who was Otto Struve's uncle.

The asteroid 768 Struveana was named jointly in his honour and that of Otto Wilhelm and Karl Hermann Struve and a lunar crater was named for another 3 astronomers of the Struve family: Friedrich Georg Wilhelm, Otto Wilhelm and Otto.

In an 1847 work, Etudes d ' Astronomie Stellaire: Sur la voie lactee et sur la distance des etoiles fixes, Struve was one of the first astronomers to identify the effects of interstellar extinction ( though he provided no mechanism to explain the effect ).

He initiated the Struve Geodetic Arc, which was a chain of survey triangulations stretching from Hammerfest in Norway to the Black Sea, through ten countries and over 2, 820 km.

The most well-known was Karl de Struve ( 1835 – 1907 ), who served successively as Russian ambassador to Japan, the United States, and the Netherlands.

The pair 40 Eridani B / C was discovered on January 31, 1783, by William Herschel .< sup >, p. 73 </ sup > It was again observed by Friedrich Georg Wilhelm Struve in 1825 and by Otto Wilhelm von Struve in 1851.

Struve was married twice.

A few years after her death, Struve married Emma Jankowsky ( 1839 – 1902 ) and had another daughter with her.

In 1885, Struve married the daughter of a cousin of his father.

In 1845, Struve married Amalie Düsar on 16 November 1845 and in 1847 he dropped the aristocratic " von " from his surname due to his democratic ideals.

While studying there, in 1874 – 1875, Struve participated in an expedition to observe transit of Venus through the disk of the Sun.

* Friedrich Georg Wilhelm Struve 1793 – 1864, Dorpat and Pulkowa / St .- Petersburg ( Russia )

** Otto Struve, Russian – American astronomer ( b. 1897 )

* August 12 – Hermann Struve, Russian-born astronomer ( b. 1854 )

* November 4 – Ludwig Struve, Russian astronomer ( b. 1858 )

In addition to Otto Wilhelm von Struve, other children were Heinrich Vasilyevich Struve ( 1822 – 1908 ), a prominent chemist, and Bernhard Vasilyevich Struve ( 1827 – 1889 ), who served as a government official in Siberia and later as governor of Astrakhan and Perm.

Bernhard's son Peter Berngardovich Struve ( 1870 – 1944 ) is probably the best known member of the family in Russia.

But many of the control points for the earlier surveys still survive as valued historical features in the landscape, such as the concrete triangulation pillars set up for retriangulation of Great Britain ( 1936 – 1962 ), or the triangulation points set up for the Struve Geodetic Arc ( 1816 – 1855 ), now scheduled as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

: Not to be confused with his grandfather Otto Wilhelm von Struve ( 1819 – 1905 )

Otto Struve ( August 12, 1897 – April 6, 1963 ) was a Russian astronomer.

: Not to be confused with his grandson Otto Struve ( 1897 – 1963 ); see Struve family

Otto Wilhelm von Struve ( May 7, 1819 ( Julian calendar: April 25 ) – April 14, 1905 ) was a Russian astronomer.

Struve was born in 1819 in Dorpat ( Tartu ), then Russian Empire, as the third son out of eighteen sons and daughters of Friedrich Georg Wilhelm von Struve and Emilie Wall ( 1796 – 1834 ).

In 1872, Struve organized assistance with equipment to the newly opened observatory in Tashkent – a southern location offering clear skies for observations.

Based in Geneva, the Emancipation of Labor Group attempted to popularize the economic and historical ideas of Karl Marx, in which they met with some success, attracting such eminent intellectuals as Peter Struve, Vladimir Ulianov ( Lenin ), Iulii Martov, and Alexander Potresov to the organization.

The south-southwestern rim of Russell overlaps the larger rim of the lava-flooded crater Struve, and together the two crater rims form a figure-8 outline with a wide gap where they are joined.

In Washington, D. C., he had a residence on Farragut Square near the home of Baron Karl von Struve, Russian minister to the United States.

Although double stars had been studied earlier by William Herschel and John Herschel and Sir James South, Struve outdid any previous efforts.

Up through 1990, the only known visual observation of the jet had been by Russian-American astronomer Otto Struve using the Hooker telescope.

Friedrich Georg Wilhelm von Struve and Otto Wilhelm von Struve had catalogued a good number of binary stars working at the Observatories of Dorpat and Pulkovo and using 23-and 38-cm telescopes.

Struve had only limited command of Russian, yet he used it whenever possible.

In 1881, Struve obtained his master's degree at the University of Tartu, with the highest honors, and in 1882 defended a PhD thesis at Saint Petersburg University ( Pulkovo had no associated educational institutions ).

By then, the Struve family was highly respected in Russia and Tsar Alexander III had a strong wish for Hermann to succeed his father Otto as the director of the Pulkovo Observatory.

Struve, however, realized that the method had flaws and recommended combining planet / satellite and intersatellite measurements.

Therefore, to avoid Bolshevik's repressions, Struve had to move in 1919 to Simferopol where he had assumed professor position at the Tavria University.

At the time, the university had no faculty of astronomy, so in 1932 it formed a collaboration with Otto Struve at the University of Chicago, who supplied astronomers.

Struve was strongly against the politics of Metternich, a strict Conservative and reactionary against the democratic movement, who ruled Austria at the time and had a strong influence on restoration Germany with his Congress system.

Along with Friedrich Hecker, whom he had met in Mannheim, Struve took on a leading role in the revolutions in Baden ( see History of Baden ) beginning with the Hecker Uprising, also accompanied by his wife Amalie.

In 1863, a general amnesty was issued to all those who had been involved in the revolutions in Germany, and Struve returned to Germany.

By 1900, Struve had become a leader of the revisionist, i. e. moderate, wing of Russian Marxists.

In 1902 Struve secretly left Tver and went abroad, but by then the radicals had abandoned the idea of a joint magazine and Struve's further evolution from socialism to liberalism would have made collaboration difficult anyway.

After the Duma's dissolution on June 3, 1907, Struve concentrated on his work at Russkaya Mysl ( Russian Thought ), a leading liberal newspaper, of which he had been publisher and de facto editor-in-chief since 1906.

With the Russian Civil War raging and his life in danger Struve had to flee ; and after a three-month journey arrived in Finland, where he negotiated with Gen. Nikolai Yudenich and the Finnish leader Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim before leaving for Western Europe.

In 1840, Mädler was appointed director of the Dorpat ( Tartu ) Observatory in Estonia, succeeding Friedrich Wilhelm Struve who had moved to Pulkovo Observatory.

However, its effects had been noted in 1847 by Friedrich Georg Wilhelm von Struve, and its effect on the colors of stars had been observed by a number of individuals who did not connect it with the general presence of Galactic dust.

Struve ( who had written the RSDRP's first programme ), and the philosophers N. A.