Combined with scale model special effects, characters are presented as marionette puppets in a filming technique that the Andersons dubbed " Supermarionation ", a technology that incorporated internal solenoid motors as a means of producing mouth movements synchronised with pre-recorded dialogue.

Supermarionation, a technique created in 1960 by Gerry Anderson, in which the movement of marionette puppet mouths is electronically synchronised with the syllables of pre-recorded dialogue, produced oversized puppet heads because they contained a solenoid that was vital to a puppet's lip-synch mechanism, while the rest of the body could not be sized up to match otherwise the puppet would become hard to operate.

Supermarionation, a technique in which the movement of the marionette puppet's mouth is electronically synchronised with character dialogue, had been formulated by Gerry Anderson for Four Feather Falls in 1960.

First screened in the UK from September 1968 to April 1969 on the ATV network, Joe 90 was the sixth and final Anderson production to have been made exclusively using the form of marionette puppetry dubbed " Supermarionation ".

Created by Gerry and Sylvia Anderson, and produced by David Lane and Reg Hill, it was the eighth and last Century 21 production to feature – in a manner similar to Thunderbirds and other earlier series – marionette puppet characters as part of a filming technique known as " Supermarionation ".

Thunderbirds Are Go is a 1966 British science-fiction film based on Thunderbirds, a 1960s television series starring marionette puppets and featuring scale model effects in a filming process dubbed " Supermarionation ".

A sequel to 1966's Thunderbirds Are Go, it was the second film to be adapted from the 1960s television series Thunderbirds, which combined scale models and special effects with marionette puppet characters in a filming process that the Andersons termed " Supermarionation ".

The Zero-X ( spelling variants include: " Zero X " or " Zero-X ") is a fictional Earth spacecraft that appeared in two of Gerry and Sylvia Anderson's Supermarionation productions, the 1966 film Thunderbirds Are Go and the 1967 television series Captain Scarlet and the Mysterons.

It is the only Supermarionation series not yet released to DVD in North America as of January 2006.

As a result, Four Feather Falls is often omitted from lists of Supermarionation productions.

This is the last known occasion in which a full Supermarionation production was mounted.

As a nod to Supermarionation, the show is promoted as being produced in Hypermarionation.

* A recent US television advertisement for the Orbitz online travel service is styled to suggest Supermarionation, though whether it could correctly be described by the term is open to question.

The pilot of Stingray is the square-jawed Captain Troy Tempest, the Supermarionation puppet who was modelled on James Garner, accompanied by Dixie navigator Lieutenant George Lee " Phones " Sheridan, nicknamed " Phones " because of his job as Stingray's hydrophone operator.

The character of Marina is unique among Supermarionation characters in that she never speaks.

Although publicity material for the various Supermarionation series, and the TV Century 21 comic, made references to connections between the Thunderbirds and Captain Scarlet canons, the Zero-X is the only official link between the two series.

The Secret Service represents a departure from most earlier Supermarionation television series on account of its contemporary setting: the time depicted is the late 1960s.

Created by Gerry Anderson, it is a Hypermarionation reboot of the classic 1967 Supermarionation series, Captain Scarlet and the Mysterons, created by Gerry and Sylvia Anderson.

In the original Supermarionation TV series Thunderbirds ( 1965 – 1966 ), as well as the films Thunderbirds Are GO ( 1966 ) and Thunderbird 6 ( 1967 ), FAB1 is a modified Rolls-Royce.

The series was the first to use an early version of Anderson's Supermarionation puppetry process, although the term was not coined until Anderson's next series, Supercar.

This development of Supermarionation would be named " Supermacromation " when Anderson returned to puppetry in the 1980s with his later production, Terrahawks.

The show featured the Andersons ' Supermarionation, a form of puppetry first introduced in Four Feather Falls ( 1960 ) and Supercar ( 1961 ) and used again in their subsequent productions such as Stingray and Captain Scarlet.

Gerry Anderson made science fiction series for ITV using the puppet based ' Supermarionation ' technique including Fireball XL5 ( 1962 – 63 ), Thunderbirds ( 1965 – 66 ), Captain Scarlet and the Mysterons ( 1967 & 68 ), and Stingray ( 1964 – 65 ) which all retain a following.

Returning to puppets, but with a change in direction and the adoption of a technique synchronising their mouths to the recorded dialogue ( dubbed " Supermarionation " by Anderson ) resulted in the company's best known productions-a succession of futuristic sci-fi action adventure shows, all made for ATV.

Prior to Terrahawks and throughout the entirety of the 1960s, Anderson's series were noted for their use of his patented Supermarionation technique, which made use of electronically augmented marionettes ( the final series to use this technique was the live action / Supermarionation hybrid The Secret Service in 1969 ; Anderson switched to live action production beginning with 1970's UFO ).

The first major live-action film of Century 21 writers-producers Gerry and Sylvia Anderson, noted for Thunderbirds and other 1960s " Supermarionation " puppet television series, shooting for Doppelgänger ran from July to October 1968.

All future Supermarionation ventures were funded by ITC, who later acquired the share capital in the company in 1962.

Music for Captain Scarlet was composed by Barry Gray, an innovator in electronic music, who had scored all the Supermarionation series preceding it.

The Mysterons are a fictional race of extraterrestrials, native to the planet Mars, which appear in the British science-fiction Supermarionation television series Captain Scarlet and the Mysterons ( 1967 – 68 ) and Gerry Anderson's New Captain Scarlet ( 2005 ), symbolised by ubiquitous projected green rings and the deep bass voice of their human convert, Captain Black.

Like most of Anderson's Supermarionation series, this one was given a " complete series " release in Region 1 by A & E Home Video.

Most of Gerry Anderson's Supermarionation series were made into compilation movies during the 80's by ITC Entertainment under the package title of Super Space Theater.

" Stephen La Rivière, documenting the making of Thunderbirds Are Go in his book Supermarionation: A History of the Future, considers the sequence the strangest ever created by AP Films.

* " Ricochet " ( Thunderbirds ), the fifth episode of the second series of the British Supermarionation television series Thunderbirds

The term " Supermarionation " was not actually coined until during production of later episodes of Supercar.

In a 2002 interview, Anderson revealed that it was his desire to move into live-action television during the production of Captain Scarlet and the Mysterons, and that he endorsed the new, realistic design of the Supermarionation puppets as a compromise for his inability to use live actors.

To accelerate production on earlier Supermarionation series, pairs of episodes had been filmed simultaneously on separate sound stages, a practice that continued for Captain Scarlet.

While production on the next Supermarionation series,, began in November it was not until early 1968 that the last episodes of Captain Scarlet were edited and completed for broadcast.

Since Gerry Anderson had expressed frustration with this caricatured design during the production of earlier Supermarionation series, and wished that the puppets would more accurately reflect human biology, before production commenced on Captain Scarlet the producer, Reg Hill, and his associate, John Read, designed a new type of puppet in which the solenoid was instead placed inside the chest, to permit a head of realistic proportion.

The ensembles required for Gray's scoring in series such as Thunderbirds and Stingray dwarfed those used in the production of most contemporary television programmes ; even the orchestra employed for the first Anderson-produced series to carry the " Supermarionation " label, Supercar, comprised some forty instrumentalists.

In the summer of 1967, during the production of Anderson's Supermarionation television series Captain Scarlet and the Mysterons, Universal Pictures executive Jay Kanter arrived in London from the United States.

The approach of this century inspired many forward-looking 20th century events and company and product names, such as the Century 21 Exposition ( another name for the 1962 Seattle World's Fair ), Century 21 Real Estate, and Century 21 Television ( producers of Sylvia and Gerry Anderson Supermarionation shows like Thunderbirds and Captain Scarlet and the Mysterons ).