The latter, members of two regiments of Swiss mercenaries transported by Great Britain to Canada to fight the Americans in the War of 1812, had settled in Montreal and Kingston at the close of the war in 1815.

Cesare was appointed commander of the papal armies with a number of Italian mercenaries, supported by 300 cavalry and 4, 000 Swiss infantry sent by the King of France.

The Dutch continued to employ these militias but due to their unreliability tended to favor employing Swiss and Malay mercenaries in their campaigns in the island.

The Confederation's power and wealth increased significantly, with victories over Charles the Bold of Burgundy during the 1470s and the success of Swiss mercenaries.

During the Thirty Years ' War, Switzerland was a relative " oasis of peace and prosperity " ( Grimmelshausen ) in war-torn Europe, mostly because all major powers in Europe depended on Swiss mercenaries, and would not let Switzerland fall in the hands of one of their rivals.

At that time, Milan was defended by Swiss mercenaries.

Unable to retreat, the German and Swiss mercenaries fought it out.

But his father's tyranny had inspired many secret societies, and the kingdom's Swiss Mercenaries were unexpectedly recalled home under the terms of a new Swiss law that forbade Swiss citizens to serve as mercenaries.

Swiss mercenaries were sought during the late 15th and early 16th centuries as being an effective fighting force, until their somewhat rigid battle formations became vulnerable to arquebuses and artillery being developed at the same time.

It was then that the German landsknechts, colorful mercenaries with a redoubtable reputation, took over the Swiss forces ' legacy and became the most formidable force of the late 15th and throughout the 16th century, being hired by all the powers in Europe and often fighting at opposite sides.

The barbarian mercenaries employed by the Utopians are thought to be inspired by the Swiss mercenaries.

The pike found extensive use with Landsknecht armies and Swiss mercenaries, who employed it as their main weapon and used it in pike square formations.

After that war, its combatants — the Swiss ( thereafter generally serving as mercenaries ) and their Landsknecht imitators — would often face each other again in the Italian Wars, which would become in many ways the military proving ground of the Renaissance.

The use of Swiss soldiers as Royal guards and as the Pontifical guard stems from the reputation of Swiss mercenaries at the time of their formation.

There were two different corps of Swiss mercenaries performing guard duties for the Kings of France: the Hundred Swiss ( Cent Suisses ), serving within the Palace as essentially bodyguards and ceremonial troops, and the Swiss Guards ( Gardes Suisses ), guarding the entrances and outer perimeter.

King Francis I of France used some 120, 000 Swiss mercenaries in his wars.

Category: Swiss mercenaries

A 17th Century medical student coined the term " nostalgia " for anxieties displayed by Swiss mercenaries fighting away from home, although some military doctors believed their problems were specific to the Swiss and caused by the Alpine racket of cowbells.

Indeed, the Katzbalger was seen as the very symbol of the Landsknecht, Swiss illustrators being careful to depict it to indicate that a mercenary was a Landsknecht rather than a Reisläufer.

The competition between Swiss ( Reisläufer ) and Swabian mercenaries ( Landsknechte ), who both fought in armies throughout Europe, sometimes opposing each other on the battlefield, sometimes competing for contracts, intensified.

As these Swiss were moving from the Selkirk settlement to become the first civilian residents of Minnesota, Dousman of Michilimackinac, Michigan, and Prairie Du Chien was traveling to Red River to open a trade in merchandise.

By fall, 443 survivors of this arduous journey were clustered about Fort Snelling, but most of them were sent on to Galena and St. Louis, with a few going as far as Vevay, Indiana, a notable Swiss center in the United States.

Its people, including Pierre Bottineau and other American Fur Company employees and the refugees from Fort Garry, were joined by the remaining Scots and Swiss from Fort Snelling when Major Joseph Plympton expelled them from the reservation in May 1840.

The Swiss commanders wired the infrastructure leading into the country, and threatening to destroy bridges, railway tunnels and passes in the event of a Nazi invasion, and then they retreated to the heart of the mountain peaks where conditions were harsher and a military invasion would involve difficult and protracted battles.

During the post-World War I period ski-lifts were built in Swiss and Austrian towns to accommodate winter visitors, but summer tourism continued to be important ; by the mid-20th century the popularity of downhill skiing increased greatly as it became more accessible and in the 1970s several new villages were built in France devoted almost exclusively to skiing, such a Les Menuires.

The small Swiss garrison in the village, shaken by the sudden onslaught and unsupported by the battalions to their rear, were soon compelled back towards the village of Taviers.

" Major-General Murray ," recalled one eye witness, " … seeing him fall, marched up in all haste with two Swiss battalions to save him and stop the enemy who were hewing all down in their way.

Basel, had a strategic location, good relations with Strasbourg and Mulhouse, and control of the corn imports from Alsace, whereas the Swiss lands were becoming overpopulated and had few resources.

In there were 898 live births to Swiss citizens and 621 births to non-Swiss citizens, and in same time span there were 1, 732 deaths of Swiss citizens and 175 non-Swiss citizen deaths.

There were 207 Swiss men and 271 Swiss women who emigrated from Switzerland.

The Bernoulli numbers were discovered around the same time by the Swiss mathematician Jakob Bernoulli, after whom they are named, and independently by Japanese mathematician Seki Kōwa.

First synthesized in 1874 by Othmar Zeidler, DDT's insecticidal properties were not discovered until 1939 by the Swiss scientist Paul Hermann Müller, who was awarded the 1948 Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine for his efforts.

In the Swiss Army, mounted dragoons existed until the early 1970s, when they were converted into Armoured Grenadiers units.

On the night of 10 August 1792, insurgents and popular militias, supported by the revolutionary Paris Commune, assailed the Tuileries Palace and massacred the Swiss Guards who were assigned for the protection of the king.

Plans to go to the Swiss Alps were mooted.

There were 56, 091 Swiss women ( 29. 3 %) and 43, 735 ( 22. 9 %) non-Swiss women.

In there were 1, 147 live births to Swiss citizens and 893 births to non-Swiss citizens, and in same time span there were 1, 114 deaths of Swiss citizens and 274 non-Swiss citizen deaths.

Separate stamps were issued during this period inscribed " Campione d ' Italia " and valued in Swiss francs.

In Austria, Italy and Switzerland, the Freedom Party of Austria, Lega Nord and Swiss People's Party, respectively, were at times also part of the national governments, and in Denmark, the Danish People's Party tolerated a right-liberal minority government from 2001 throughout the decade.

The Swiss Pine is found scattered at intervals throughout the Alps but is not common.

Switzerland had 20 Swiss franc pieces, Spain had 20 peseta coins, Italy had 20 lira pieces, Belgium had 20 Belgian franc coins, and Greece had 20 drachma coins, all of which circulated and were accepted throughout Europe.

He remained, throughout his life, one of the rare right wing Swiss politicians who was able to identify with both wine-growers and farmers.

Swiss chalet-style architecture began appearing throughout the village and festivals, once intended for local consumption, became frequented by tourists from throughout the upper Midwest.

The Swiss adversaries to the Landsknechts had specifically prohibited the use of these swords during the late 15th century, as they deemed them unsuitable for the constricted manner of pike warfare, though they continued to use the shorter longswords into and throughout the 16th century.

In addition to its Swiss headquarters, the company has offices in Newark, California, as well as throughout Europe, Asia and the rest of the Americas.

Swiss government bodies have used various shades throughout history.

Similar town revolts led to the foundation of city-states throughout medieval Europe, such as in Russia ( Novgorod Republic, 12th century ), in Flanders ( Battle of Golden Spurs, 14th century ) in Switzerland ( the towns of the Old Swiss Confederacy, 14th century ), in Germany ( see the Hanseatic League, 14th-15th century ), and in Prussia ( Thirteen Years ' War, 15th century ).

Swiss mercenaries were notable for their service in foreign armies, especially the armies of the Kings of France, throughout the Early Modern period of European history, from the Later Middle Ages into the Age of the European Enlightenment.

The warriors of the Swiss cantons had gradually developed a reputation throughout Europe as skilled soldiers, due to their successful defense of their liberties against their Austrian Habsburg overlords, starting as early as the late thirteenth century, including such remarkable upset victories over heavily armoured knights as Morgarten and Laupen.

The Swiss remained primarily pikemen throughout the sixteenth century, but after that period they adopted similar infantry formations and tactics to other units in the armies in which they served.

Despite the end of their supremacy circa 1525, the Swiss pike-armed mercenaries continued to be amongst the most capable close order infantry in Europe throughout the remainder of the sixteenth century.

The French contingent, including grenadiers, regulars, Swiss, and various companies of militia, assembled at Mobile throughout March, 1736.

Swiss and German mercenaries were hired by monarchs throughout Western Europe, and they spread the practice of military fifing.

With the introduction of the Swiss system of hallmarking in 1881, there was uniformity throughout the nation.

::* BECI, on the basis of a study conducted by the Swiss agency “ Bak Basel Economics ” comparing Brussels productivity with 15 metropolitan areas in Europe, advocates the establishment of Brussels Metropolitan across the existing regional borders throughout Brussels ’ economic hinterland.

Led by Danton's associate François Joseph Westermann, they faced off against the Swiss Guards who, lacking orders, remained at their posts in front of the main entrance stairs to the Tuileries and scattered throughout the building.

Swiss historiography has tended to attribute this to the " lesson learned " at Marignano, but at least as effective was the division created by the Swiss Reformation in the 1520s, dividing the Confederacy into two factions which would be occupied with internal hostilities throughout the period of the European Wars of Religion, as well as a number of painful defeats of Swiss mercenary regiments in the decade between 1515 and 1525 ( at Bicocca, Sesia and Pavia ).

Marignano was also the first battle in history in which the fife was used ( in this case, by the Swiss infantry to relay commands throughout the army ).