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T-carrier and are
There are several types of modified AMI codes, used in various T-carrier and E-carrier systems.
When voice signals are digitized for transmission via T-carrier, the data stream always includes ample 1 bits to maintain synchronization.
Unlike the earlier T-carrier systems developed in North America, all 8 bits of each sample are available for each call.
T-carrier and E-carrier signals are transmitted using a scheme called bipolar encoding, a. k. a. Alternate Mark Inversion ( AMI ), where a ONE is represented by a pulse, and a ZERO is represented by no pulse.
In the T-carrier example, the bipolar signals are regenerated at regular intervals so that signals diminished by distance are not just amplified, but detected and recreated anew.

T-carrier and originally
T-carrier was originally developed for voice applications.
In telecommunications, a T-carrier, sometimes abbreviated as T-CXR, is the generic designator for any of several digitally multiplexed telecommunications carrier systems originally introduced by Bell Labs and 1970 and used in North America, Japan ( Kyoto ), and South Korea.
* Note 2: T-carrier systems were originally designed to transmit digitized voice signals.
The European Conference of Postal and Telecommunications Administrations ( CEPT ) originally standardized the E-carrier system, which revised and improved the earlier American T-carrier technology, and this has now been adopted by the International Telecommunication Union Telecommunication Standardization Sector ( ITU-T ).

T-carrier and one
The basic unit of the T-carrier system is the DS0, which has a transmission rate of 64 kbit / s, and is commonly used for one voice circuit.

T-carrier and card
At the turn of the century many original NT6X50AA cards were still in service that cannot perform T-carrier extended superframe signaling, this can be performed with a plug-in replacement NT6X50AB card, used for services such as PBX ISDN T1s.

T-carrier and usually
* QSIG-for connecting PBXs to each other, usually runs over T1 ( T-carrier ) or E1 ( E-carrier ) physical circuits.

T-carrier and two
A Digital Signal 1 ( DS1 ) circuit carries 24 DS0s on a North American or Japanese T-carrier ( T1 ) line, or 32 DS0s ( 30 for calls plus two for framing and signaling ) on an E-carrier ( E1 ) line used in most other countries.

T-carrier and Digital
* Note 1: The designators for T-carrier in the North American Digital multiplex hierarchy correspond to the designators for the digital signal ( DS ) level hierarchy.
Digital Signal 1 ( DS1, sometimes DS-1 ) is a T-carrier signaling scheme devised by Bell Labs.
A Digital Signal 3 ( DS3 ) is a digital signal level 3 T-carrier.
* Digital Signal 1, a T-carrier signaling scheme devised by Bell Labs

T-carrier and which
Some currently available digital multiplexers have been designated as Dl -, DS -, or M-series, all of which operate at T-carrier rates.
The coils must be removed to pass high frequencies, but the coil cases provided convenient places for repeaters for digital T-carrier systems, which could carry 1. 5 Mbit / s across that distance.
The European T-carrier ( E1 ) format has a 32 byte frame of which 30 bytes could carry data.

T-carrier and their
In the North American and Japanese T-carrier digital hierarchies, each digroup supports 12 PCM voice channels or their equivalent in other services.
The introduction of digital technologies such pulse-code modulation and T-carrier circuits by AT & T starting in 1961 ( and adopted by their long-distance networks on a larger scale starting in the early-to-mid 1970s ) let long-distance calls match the high voice quality of local calls.

T-carrier and DS0
The DS0 rate, and its equivalents E0 and J0, form the basis for the digital multiplex transmission hierarchy in telecommunications systems used in North America, Europe, Japan, and the rest of the world, for both the early plesiochronous systems such as T-carrier and for modern synchronous systems such as SDH / SONET.
Note that when a T-carrier system is used as in North America, robbed bit signaling can mean that a DS0 channel carried over that system is not an error-free bit-stream.

T-carrier and .
However, in the T-carrier systems used in the U. S. and Canada, a technique called bit-robbing uses, in every sixth frame, the least significant bit in the time slot associated with the voice channel for Channel Associated Signaling ( CAS ).
This work led to T-carrier and similar digital systems for local use.
This is equivalent to using a non-linear ADC as in a T-carrier telephone system that implements A-law or μ-law companding.
The terms “ customer-premises equipment ,” “ Customer-provided Equipment ,” or “ CPE ” may also refer to any devices that terminate a WAN circuit, such as an ISDN, E-carrier / T-carrier, DSL, or metro Ethernet.
When carried over copper wire, this is the well-known T-carrier system, with T1 and T3 corresponding to DS1 and DS3, respectively.
; Framing bit: A common practice in telecommunications, for example in T-carrier, is to insert, in a dedicated time slot within the frame, a noninformation bit or framing bit that is used for synchronization of the incoming data with the receiver.
The clock rate of an incoming T-carrier signal is extracted from its bipolar line code.
The exact pattern of bipolar violations that is transmitted in any given case depends on the line rate ( i. e., the level of the line code in the T-carrier hierarchy ) and the polarity of the last valid mark in the user data prior to the unacceptably long string of zeros.
It is based on the T-carrier ( T1 ) line in the US and Canada, and the E-carrier ( E1 ) line in Europe.
It declined in the 1970s due to the adoption of T-carrier, and was largely abandoned late in the century in favor of common-channel signaling.
The E-carrier system is incompatible with the T-carrier ( though cross compliant cards exist ) and is used in most locations outside of North America, Japan, Korea.

spans and are
Beam bridges are horizontal beams supported at each end by substructure units and can be either simply supported when the beams only connect across a single span, or continuous when the beams are connected across two or more spans.
When there are multiple spans, the intermediate supports are known as piers.
For medium spans, trusses or box beams are usually most economical, while in some cases, the appearance of the bridge may be more important than its cost efficiency.
BASE numbers are awarded to those who have made at least one jump from each of the four categories ( buildings, antennas, spans and earth ).
" Over historical time spans there are a number of nearly constant variables that determine climate, including latitude, altitude, proportion of land to water, and proximity to oceans and mountains.
The approach spans on both sides of the Bay are of pre-stressed lightweight concrete girders supporting a lightweight concrete deck.
The center spans are twin steel trapezoidal girders which also support a lightweight concrete deck.
In addition, across the shipping channel, there are two spans which retract to permit the passage of ocean-going vessels.
Different spans of time on the GTS are usually delimited by changes in the composition of strata which correspond to them, indicating major geological or paleontological events, such as mass extinctions.
Older time spans which predate the reliable fossil record ( before the Proterozoic Eon ) are defined by absolute age.
In particular, legacy spans are more likely to make use of higher latency regenerators.
Sunspot populations quickly rise and more slowly fall on an irregular cycle of 11 years, although significant variations in the number of sunspots attending the 11-year period are known over longer spans of time.
It is not clear how small, red dwarf stars die because of their extremely long life spans, but they probably experience a gradual death in which their outer layers are expelled over time.
They are normally used for smaller spans.
T1 copper spans are being replaced by optical transport systems, but if a copper ( Metallic ) span is used, the T1 is typically carried over an HDSL encoded copper line.
After updating edges, the active edge table is traversed in X order to emit only the visible spans, maintaining a Z-sorted active Span table, inserting and deleting the surfaces when edges are crossed.
Some software rasterizers use ' span buffering ' ( or ' coverage buffering '), in which a list of sorted, clipped spans are stored in scanline buckets.
Since the outer-most spans ( or towers ) travel farther in a given time period than the innermost spans, nozzle sizes are smallest at the inner spans and increase with distance from the pivot point.
Children with fragile X have very short attention spans, are hyperactive, and show hypersensitivity to visual, auditory, tactile, and olfactory stimuli.
It is also true that Strauss's tempos are generally swift, but this, too, contributes to the structural cohesion and in any event is fully in keeping with our modern outlook in which speed is a virtue and attention spans are defined more by MTV clips and news sound bites than by evenings at the opera and thousand page novels.

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