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Tattenai, satrap over both Judah and Samaria, writes to Darius warning him that Jerusalem is being rebuilt and advising that the archives be searched to discover the decree of Cyrus.
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Tattenai and Darius
Decree of Cyrus, second version, and decree of Darius: Darius finds the decree, directs Tattenai not to disturb the Jews in their work, and exempts them from tribute and supplies everything necessary for the offerings.
According to a letter from Tattenai ( the governor of the province Beyond the River ) to King Darius I, Sheshbazzar started the Temple, but it lay under construction for a long time.
This is a contradiction, however, as Zerubbabel was said in to have laid the foundations of the new Temple, while Tattenai ’ s letter to Darius says that Sheshbazzar laid the foundations of the Temple ().
satrap and over
Almost immediately, he suppressed the revolts in Egypt and Babylon that had broken out the year before, and appointed his brother Achaemenes as governor or satrap ( Old Persian: khshathrapavan ) over Egypt.
Additionally, royal inspectors who were the " eyes and ears " of Darius completed further checks over each satrap.
* The Athenian general Conon, the Persian satrap Pharnabazus and Evagoras, King of Salamis, win an overwhelming naval victory over the Spartans under Peisander in the Battle of Cnidus ( near Rhodes ).
* Seleucus reestablishes himself as satrap of Babylonia and asserts control over Media and Susiana ( Elam ).
In 393 ( or 392 ) BC he was sent to Tiribazus, Persian satrap of Sardis, to undermine the friendly relations then existing between Athens and Persia, offering to recognize Persian claims to the whole of Asia Minor and supremacy over Greek cities there.
As Alexander took over control of the administrative region that had been the Persian Empire, he promoted Cypriots to high office and great responsibility ; in particular, Stasanor of Solon was appointed satrap of the Supreme Court and Drangon in 329 BC.
Moses speaks of " Mithridates, satrap of Darius " ( identifiable with Mithridates I of Pontus ) installed by Alexander to rule over the Georgians.
satrap and both
The Mausoleum at Halicarnassus or Tomb of Mausolus ( in Greek, ) was a tomb built between 353 and 350 BC at Halicarnassus ( present Bodrum, Turkey ) for Mausolus, a satrap in the Persian Empire, and Artemisia II of Caria, who was both his wife and his sister.
In 312, Ptolemy and Seleucus, the fugitive satrap of Babylonia, both invaded Syria, and defeated Demetrius Poliorcetes (" besieger of cities "), the son of Antigonus, in the Battle of Gaza.
Perdiccas and his troops followed him to Egypt, whereupon Ptolemy conspired with the satrap of Media, Peithon, and the commander of the Argyraspides, Antigenes, both serving as officers under Perdiccas, and assassinated him.
In 499 BC the then tyrant of Miletus, Aristagoras, launched a joint expedition with the Persian satrap Artaphernes to conquer Naxos, in an attempt to bolster his position in Miletus ( both financially and in terms of prestige ).
satrap and Darius
However in 490 BC, following up the successes of the previous campaign, Darius decided to send a maritime expedition led by Artaphernes, ( son of the satrap to whom Hippias had fled ) and Datis, a Median admiral.
* 408 BC: The Persian king, Darius II, decides to aid Sparta in the war and makes his son Cyrus a satrap.
* Darius II's younger son, Cyrus, is accused by Tissaphernes, the satrap of Caria, of plotting his brother Artaxerxes II's murder.
After Darius III of Persia had been defeated by Alexander the Great, the satrap of Bactria, Bessus attempted to organize a national resistance but was captured by other warlords and delivered to Alexander.
* Darius of Media Atropatene, an Arsacid satrap
To do this, Darius created twenty provinces called satrapies ( or archi ) which were each assigned to a satrap ( archon ) and specified fixed tributes that the satrapies were required to pay.
These satraps were personally picked by Darius to monitor these provinces, which were divided into sub-provinces with their own governors which were chosen either by the royal court or by the satrap.
To ensure that one person did not gain too much power, each satrap had a secretary who observed the affairs of the state and communicated with Darius, a treasurer who safeguarded provincial revenues and a garrison commander who was responsible for the troops.
With the Persian Empire now effectively under Alexander's control, Alexander then decided to pursue Darius, but Darius was killed by a satrap, who was also his cousin, named Bessus before Alexander reached him.
The Greek city-states of Athens and Eretria had supported the unsuccessful Ionian Revolt against the Persian Empire of Darius I in 499-494 BC, led by the satrap of Miletus, Aristagoras.
There they are joined by a force of Ionians and march upon Sardis, the capital of Artaphernes ( the satrap of Lydia and brother to Darius I of Persia ).
Darius sends Mardonius to succeed his satrap ( governor ) in Ionia, Artaphernes, with a special commission to attack Athens and Eretria.
* July 17 – King Darius III is deposed and killed by Bessus, the satrap of Bactria.
Darius III was an Armenian satrap before he became the emperor of Persia.
When Cyrus was recalled to Susa by his father Darius, he took the unorthodox step of appointing Lysander as satrap of Asia Minor.
Pharnabazus is first recorded as satrap of this province in 413 BC, when, having received orders from Darius II of Persia to send in the outstanding tribute of the Greek cities on the Ionian coast, he, like Tissaphernes of Caria, entered into negotiations with Sparta and began a war with Athens.
When that relative died, Darius had appointed Orontobates satrap of Caria, which included Halicarnassus in its jurisdiction.
He claimed that he did not have enough troops, but that Artaphernes, Darius ’ brother and the Persian satrap of Lydia, who commanded a large army and navy on the coast of Asia, could help supply troops.
Artaphernes (), was the brother of the king of Persia, Darius I of Persia, and satrap of Sardis.
After Darius III of Persia had been defeated by Alexander the Great and killed in the ensuing chaos, his murderer Bessus, the satrap of Bactria, tried to organize a national resistance based on his satrapie but was captured by other warlords and delivered to Alexander.
The satrap Artaphernes did not want to send him back to Susa, where he suspected that Darius would pardon him, so he executed him and sent his head to Darius.
satrap and him
Hippias fled to Sardis to the court of the Persian satrap, Artaphernes and promised control of Athens to the Persians if they were to help restore him.
Each Gau had its own satrap with enough military power to level whole villages that opposed him.
The Egyptians welcome him as their deliverer, and the Persian satrap Mazaces wisely surrenders.
His illegitimate brother, Ochus, satrap of Hyrcania, rebelled against Sogdianus, and after a short fight killed him, and suppressed by treachery the attempt of his own brother Arsites to imitate his example.
His wife, Parysatis, persuades him to appoint his younger son, Cyrus, as satrap ( governor ) of Lydia, Phrygia, and Cappadocia and commander in chief of the Achaemenian forces in Asia Minor in place of Tissaphernes.
* The Persian satrap Tissaphernes ' enemy Parysatis, mother of Cyrus, succeeds in persuading Persian King Artaxerxes II to have him executed at Colossae, Phrygia ( now Turkey ).
* Antipater appoints Antigonus commander in chief of his army in Asia Minor and sends him with Craterus to fight against Eumenes, the satrap of Cappadocia and a supporter of Perdiccas.
* The Persian satrap, Struthas, pursues an anti-Spartan policy, prompting the Spartans to order their governor to the Greek cities of Ionia, Thibron, to attack him.
There were further checks on the power of each satrap: besides his secretarial scribe, his chief financial official ( Old Persian ganzabara ) and the general in charge of the regular army of his province and of the fortresses were independent of him and reported directly to the shah, periodically, in person.
* Whenever central authority in the empire weakened, the satrap often enjoyed practical independence, especially as it became customary to appoint him also as general-in-chief of the army district, contrary to the original rule.
Peithon, the satrap of Media, assassinated Philip, the satrap of Parthia, and replaced him with his brother Eudemus as the new satrap.
Evagoras, the satrap of Aria, was allied with him.
They offered their services to Tissaphernes, a leading satrap of Artaxerxes, but he refused them, and they refused to surrender to him.
Arsaces, the chieftain of the nomadic ( Dahae ) tribe of the Parni, fled before him into Parthia and there defeated and killed Andragoras, the former satrap and self-proclaimed king of Parthia, and became the founder of the Parthian Empire ( Strabo l. c .).
On the arrival of Charles XII from Turkey at Stralsund, Görtz was the first to visit him, and emerged from his presence chief minister or " grand-vizier " as the Swedes preferred to call the bold and crafty satrap, whose absolute devotion to the Swedish king took no account of the intense wretchedness of the Swedish nation.
After the battle, Alexander was greatly impressed by Porus for his bravery in battle, and therefore made an alliance with him and appointed him as satrap of his own kingdom, even adding some land he did not own before.
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