Examples of the Western text are found in Codex Bezae, Codex Claromontanus, Codex Washingtonianus, the Old Latin ( i. e., Latin translations made prior to the Vulgate ), as well as in quotations by Marcion, Tatian, Irenaeus, Tertullian and Cyprian.

Cyprian and Tertullian famously accused the Modalistic Monarchians of patripassianism.

Thus, by the doctrinal works he published, Tertullian became the teacher of Cyprian and the predecessor of Augustine, who, in turn, became the chief founder of Latin theology.

The Donatists also drew their beliefs from the writings of Tertullian and Cyprian.

It is the term given to the predominant form of the New Testament text witnessed in the Old Latin translation from the Greek ; and also in quotations from certain 2nd and 3rd-century Christian writers, including Cyprian, Tertullian and Irenaeus.

Before the fourth century we find allusions to the evening prayer in the earlier Fathers, Clement I of Rome ( Clemens Romanus ), St. Ignatius, Clement of Alexandria, Tertullian, Origen, the Canons of St. Hippolytus, St. Cyprian ( for texts see Bäumer-Biron, l. c., I, 20 sqq., 73-4, 76, 78 ).

The initial volumes include the writings of Tertullian and Cyprian, among other authors.

The region produced figures such as Christian Church writer Tertullian ( c. 155 – c. 202 ); and Christian Church martyrs or leading figures such as Perpetua and Felicity ( martyrs, c. 200 CE ); St Cyprian of Carthage (+ 258 ); St. Monica ; her son the philosopher St. Augustine, Bishop of Hippo I (+ 430 ) ( 1 ); and St Julia of Carthage ( 5th century.

Other works include a collection of proverbs and colloquialisms and, it is thought, some translations of Tertullian and Cyprian published in 1716.

In the West there is ample evidence of the custom of praying for the dead in the inscriptions of the catacombs, with their constant prayers for the peace and refreshment of the souls of the departed and in the early liturgies, which commonly contain commemorations of the dead ; and Tertullian, Cyprian and other early Western Fathers witness to the regular practice of praying for the dead.

His theory of spurious origin involved Tertullian and Cyprian, and the interpretation by Augustine which led to the marginal note, and that marginal note was in the Bible text used by the author of the Confession of Faith at the Council of Carthage of 484 AD.

He was friends with Erasmus, who lived in his house when in Basel, and not only had his own works printed by him from 1514, but superintended Froben's editions of Jerome, Cyprian, Tertullian, Hilary of Poitiers and Ambrose.

Among the persons whose writings form the basis for Patristics, i. e. prominent early Church Fathers, are Justin Martyr ( c. 100-c. 165 ), Irenaeus of Lyons ( c. 120-c. 202 ), Clement of Alexandria ( c. 150-c. 215 ), Tertullian ( c. 160-c. 225 ), Origen ( c. 185-c. 254 ), Cyprian of Carthage ( d. 258 ), Athanasius ( c. 296-c. 373 ), Gregory of Nazianzus ( 329-389 ), Basil of Caesarea ( c. 330-379 ), Gregory of Nyssa ( c. 330-c. 395 ) Theodore of Mopsuestia ( c. 350-428 ), Augustine of Hippo ( 354-430 ), Pelagius, Vincent of Lérins ( d. bef.

Among the Latin Fathers are Tertullian, Cyprian, Jerome, Ambrose of Milan, Gregory the Great and Augustine of Hippo.

This view influences later Ambrose of Milan and Tertullian, who wrote about the virgin birth of the Mother of God.

Traducianism was initially developed by Tertullian and arguably propagated by Augustine of Hippo, and has been endorsed by Gregory of Nyssa, Anastasius Sinaita, Hilary of Poitiers, Ambrose of Milan, many in the early Catholic Church ), various Lutheran churches, and some modern theologians such as Augustus H. Strong ( Baptist ), W. G. T. Shedd and Gordon Clark ( Presbyterian ), Lewis Sperry Chafer, Millard Erickson, Norman L. Geisler, Robert Culver, and Robert L. Reymond.

The poetry of Prudentius is influenced by early Christian authors, such as Tertullian and St. Ambrose, as well as the Bible and the acts of the martyrs.

Ambrose of Milan in the 4th century directs some of his comments in his De paradiso ( On the Garden of Eden ) against this sect, but whether the sect was still active or whether Ambrose had merely copied another now lost work of Tertullian on the same subject is unknown.

Answering accusations of heresy and “ tumultuous defection ,” among others, Jewel establishes the truth and legitimacy of the claims of not only the Church of England but the whole protestant reformation by demonstrating the continuity between the reformers and Scripture, the apostles ( especially, Paul ), the church fathers ( i. e., Augustine, Tertullian, Ambrose, Jerome, etc.

The Coptic Church informs that the Fathers of the Church and scholars like St. Justin Martyr, Tertullian, St. Hippolytus, Origen, St. Ambrose, and St. Cyril of Jerusalem, spoke about the Holy Myron and how they received its use in anointing by tradition.

Writing a little later, Tertullian makes the same main point but adds expressly that recently founded churches ( such as his own in Carthage ) could be considered apostolic if they had " derived the tradition of faith and the seeds of doctrine " from an apostolic church.

" Clement of Alexandria, Tertullian and the Muratorian canon considered the letter canonical.

Other sources, such as the Life of Polycarp or excerpts from Tertullian and Eusebius of Caesarea are considered largely unhistorical or based on previous material.

" Although such children would survive if taken up by others, exposure is often considered a form of infanticide — as described by Tertullian in his Apology: " it is certainly the more cruel way to kill ... by exposure to cold and hunger and dogs "

The Shepherd of Hermas ( 2nd century ) was popular in the early church and even considered scriptural by some of the early Church fathers, such as Irenaeus and Tertullian.

Though these stories are considered historically questionable by modern scholars, Christianity must have reached Armenia at an early date as persecutions against Christians in 110, 230, and 287 were recorded by outside writers Eusebius and Tertullian.

Orthodoxy of doctrine, holiness of life, approval by the Church and antiquity are traditionally considered conditions for classification as a Father of the Church, but modern writers sometimes include Tertullian, Origen and a few others.

Tertullian actively advocated traducianism ( that is, the parental generation of souls ), while some of the later Fathers — most notably Saint Augustine, at the outbreak of Pelagianism — began to question the creation by God of individual souls and to incline to the opposite opinion, which seemed to facilitate the explanation of the transmission of original sin.

The Catholic Encyclopedia comments that for Tertullian, " There was a time when there was no Son and no sin, when God was neither Father nor Judge .".

James Johnson argued that A Modest Proposal was largely influenced and inspired by Tertullian ’ s Apology: a satirical attack against early Roman persecution of Christianity.

Baker notes the uncanny way that both authors imply an ironic " justification by ownership " over the subject of sacrificing children — Tertullian while attacking pagan parents, and Swift while attacking the English mistreatment of the Irish poor.

Apollinaris further taught, following Tertullian, that the souls of men were propagated by other souls, as well as their bodies ( see traducianism ).

At the end of the 2nd century, it is accepted at Antioch by Theophilus ( died c. 183 ), and in Africa by Tertullian ( c. 160 – 220 ).

Treatment of eschatology continued in the West in the teachings of Tertullian ( c. 160 – 225 ), and was given fuller reflection and speculation soon after by Origen ( c. 185 – 254 ).

Revised and edited for Tertullian by Roger Pearse, 2003.

Pauline authorship was held to by many of the early church's prominent theologians, such as Irenaeus, Clement of Alexandria, Tertullian, Origen of Alexandria and Eusebius.

The Church Fathers, witnessed by the Muratorian Canon, Irenaeus ( c. 170 ), Clement of Alexandria, Origen, and Tertullian, held that the Gospel of Luke was written by Luke.

The earliest confirmed written evidence for Christianity in Britain is a statement by Tertullian, c. 200 AD, in which he described " all the limits of the Spains, and the diverse nations of the Gauls, and the haunts of the Britons, inaccessible to the Romans, but subjugated to Christ ".

" It is noteworthy that all of the images so mentioned by Tertullian and Clement were common Greco-Roman depictions used by non-Christians ; but Christians adopted them for their own use, even giving a specifically Christian significance to some of them.

Tertullian ( c. 160 – c. 225 ), who wrote in Latin, also understood (" I will ascend above the tops of the clouds ; I will make myself like the Most High ") as spoken by the Devil, but " Lucifer " is not among the numerous names and phrases he used to describe the Devil.

She argues that the legacy of Christian misogyny was consolidated by the so-called " Fathers " of the Church, like Tertullian, who thought a woman was not only " the gateway of the devil " but also " a temple built over a sewer.

Earlier still, in the 3rd century, Tertullian used " vicar of Christ " to refer to the Holy Spirit sent by Jesus.

It is recorded by Irenaeus, who heard him speak in his youth, and by Tertullian, that he had been a disciple of John the Apostle.

Patripassianism was referred to as a belief ascribed to those following Sabellianism, after its founder Sabellius, especially by the chief opponent Tertullian.

It was coined by Tertullian in his work Adversus Praxeas, Chapter I, " By this Praxeas did a twofold service for the devil at Rome: he drove away prophecy, and he brought in heresy ; he put to flight the Paraclete, and he crucified the Father.

:* In 225 Tertullian spoke of " those who would deserve the excellent gifts of the spirit -- and who ... by means of the Holy Spirit would obtain the gift of language, wisdom, and knowledge.