Bertrand Russell notes that " almost every serious intellectual advance has had to begin with an attack on some Aristotelian doctrine ".

By 325, the controversy had become significant enough that the Emperor Constantine called an assembly of bishops, the First Council of Nicaea, which condemned Arius ' doctrine and formulated the original Nicene Creed of 325.

Osiander's divergence from Luther's doctrine of justification by faith involved him in a violent quarrel with Philip Melanchthon, who had adherents in Königsberg, and these theological disputes soon created an uproar in the town.

The doctrine was formulated in the second century in the first of the three senses given by Ramsey, originally as a response to Gnostic claims of having received secret teaching from Christ or the apostles ; it emphasised the public manner in which the apostles had passed on authentic teaching to those whom they entrusted with the care of the churches they founded and that these in turn had passed it on to their successors.

Writing a little later, Tertullian makes the same main point but adds expressly that recently founded churches ( such as his own in Carthage ) could be considered apostolic if they had " derived the tradition of faith and the seeds of doctrine " from an apostolic church.

For example, Barrett points out that the Pastoral Epistles are concerned that ministers of the generation of Timothy and Titus should pass on the doctrine they had received to the third generation.

This doctrine is a 17th century innovation, although it is now applied retrospectively for centuries ; the seventh Baron De La Warr had three surviving sons ; the first died without children, the second left two daughters, the third left a son.

A rival to the more common belief that Jesus Christ had two natures was monophysitism (" one nature "), the doctrine that Christ had only one nature.

He may have had in mind the Apocryphon of Ezekiel, a 1st century BCE text that expands on the doctrine of resurrection.

James Corum states a prevalent myth about the Luftwaffe and its blitzkrieg operations is that it had a doctrine of terror bombing, in which civilians were deliberately targeted in order to break the will or aid the collapse of an enemy.

When Galileo later complained of rumors to the effect that he had been forced to abjure and do penance, Bellarmine wrote out a certificate denying the rumors, stating that Galileo had merely been notified of the decree and informed that, as a consequence of it, the Copernican doctrine could not be " defended or held ".

Convocation had made its position clear by affirming the traditional doctrine of the Eucharist, the authority of the Pope, and the reservation by divine law to ecclesiastics ' of handling and defining concerning the things belonging to faith, sacraments, and discipline ecclesiastical '.

Robert Filmer ’ s Patriarcha: or the Natural Power of Kings, which had been written before the English Civil War, became accepted as the statement of their doctrine.

" The commonwealth introduced a doctrine of religious tolerance called Warsaw Confederation, had its own parliament Sejm ( although elections were restricted to the nobility and elected kings, who were bound to certain contracts Pacta conventa from the beginning of the reign.

The council fathers, however, felt that no new creed was necessary, and that the doctrine had been laid out clearly in Leo's Tome.

By about 1140 liturgy and a system of doctrine had been established.

As Charles shared his father's position on the power of the crown ( James had described kings as " little Gods on Earth ", chosen by God to rule in accordance with the doctrine of the " Divine Right of Kings "), the suspicions of the Parliamentarians had some justification.

He first appears in the historical record as bishop of Angers at the synod of Rheims in 1049, and for a long time had been an adherent of Berengar's doctrine of the Lord's Supper.

Thus the foundation was laid of the doctrine of compound radicals, a doctrine which had a profound influence on the development of chemistry.

That doctrine has been accepted by many, but has it produced good results??

" This was thought to favour the doctrine of absolute non-resistance, and accordingly the convention parliament enacted the form that has been in use since that time – " I do sincerely promise and swear that I will be faithful and bear true allegiance to His Majesty ..."

Unlike other traditions, Anglicanism has never been governed by a magisterium nor by appeal to one founding theologian, nor by an extra-credal summary of doctrine ( such as the Westminster Confession of the Presbyterian Church ).

The Roman Catholic celebration is associated with the doctrine that the souls of the faithful who at death have not been cleansed from the temporal punishment due to venial sins and from attachment to mortal sins cannot immediately attain the beatific vision in heaven, and that they may be helped to do so by prayer and by the sacrifice of the Mass.

The term Animism appears to have been first developed as animismus by German scientist Georg Ernst Stahl, circa 1720, to refer to the " doctrine that animal life is produced by an immaterial soul.

He adds that this last has been controversial in that it has been claimed that this aspect of the doctrine is not found before the time of Augustine of Hippo, while others allege that it is implicit in the Church of the second and third centuries.

Subjects of further contention among scholars are the identity of claimed corrections and revisions of Job's speeches, which are claimed to have been made for the purpose of harmonizing them with the orthodox doctrine of retribution.

It has been the tradition of the Liberal party consistently to maintain the doctrine of individual liberty.

( Baroque art was created during — and often for — the Counter-Reformation and so, ironically, BJU has been criticized by some other fundamentalists for promoting “ false Catholic doctrine ” through its art gallery.

< cite id = disputedinjunction > The Vatican archives contain an unsigned copy of a more strongly worded formal injunction purporting to have been served on Galileo shortly after Bellarmine's admonition, ordering him " not to hold, teach, or defend " the condemned doctrine " in any way whatever, either orally or in writing ", and threatening him with imprisonment if he refused to obey .</ cite > However, whether this injunction was ever properly served on Galileo is a subject of much scholarly disagreement.

It has customarily been translated as Five Elements probably because of the similarity of this doctrine to the Western system of four elements.

There have also been periodic tensions with both mainstream and fundamentalist Christians, who think the religion is aligned with Gnosticism or is a cult, and fault it for departing from traditional Christian doctrine.

From such a surrender, the dissolution of the body corporate ensues .” Nor does there seem to have been much question that by “ a judgment of forfeiture against a corporation itself, it may be dissolved .” However, Supreme Court Justice Wilson, lecturing in his unofficial capacity, at least, suggests his displeasure with the doctrine that corporate dissolution cannot be predicated “ by a judgment of ouster against individuals.

* The atonement: The majority Christian interpretation of the Anselmian-Calvinist doctrine of the atonement as penal substitution has been criticized in mainstream Christianity since the 19th century, resulting in increasing rejection of traditional penal substitution.

The Tome of Leo has been widely criticized ( surprisingly by Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox scholars ) in the past 50 years as a much less than perfect orthodox theological doctrine.

These are sometimes " disenrolled " and are considered to have never actually been Bahá ' ís, given their fundamental diversion from this core Bahá ' í doctrine.

The " doctrine " portion of the book, however, has been removed by both the LDS Church and the Community of Christ.

One of the primary reasons that the Israeli constitution remains unwritten is the fear by whatever party holds power that creating a written constitution, combined with the common-law elements, would severely limit the powers of the Knesset ( which, following the doctrine of parliamentary sovereignty, holds near-unlimited power ).

# Regarding the written tradition opposing the making and veneration of images, they asserted that icons were part of unrecorded oral tradition ( parádosis, sanctioned in Orthodoxy as authoritative in doctrine by reference to, Basil the Great, etc.

Although it is Monroe's most famous contribution to history, the speech was written by Adams, who designed the doctrine in cooperation with Britain.

Those who see biblical support for the doctrine of natural law often point to Paul's Epistle to the Romans: " For when the Gentiles, which have not the law, do by nature the things contained in the law, these, having not the law, are a law unto themselves: Which shew the work of the law written in their hearts, their conscience also bearing witness, and their thoughts the mean while accusing or else excusing one another.

In his Comment on the Gospel of Matthew, which stems from a 6th century Latin translation, it is written: " In this place Jesus said Elijah was come and referred to John the Baptist it does not appear to me that by Elijah the soul is spoken of, lest I fall into the doctrine of transmigration, which is foreign to the Church of God, and not handed down by the apostles, nor anywhere set forth in the scriptures " ( ibid., 13: 1: 46 – 53 ).

* Before the printing press, the state of the written records of cases rendered the stare decisis doctrine utterly impracticable.

Originalism — the doctrine that holds that the meaning of a written text must be applied — is in tension with stare decisis, but is not necessarily opposed irrevocably.

Bates was introduced to the Sabbath doctrine by a tract written by Millerite preacher Thomas M. Preble, who in turn had been influenced by Rachel Oakes Preston, a young Seventh Day Baptist.

If there is no written agreement, a court of equity can specifically enforce an oral agreement to convey only if the part performance doctrine is satisfied.

In arguing before the Supreme Court, Gitlow contended that " the statute as construed and applied by the trial court penalize the mere utterance, as such, of ' doctrine ' having no quality of incitement, without regard to the circumstances of its utterance or to the likelihood of the unlawful sequences " While acknowledging " liberty of expression ' is not absolute ,'" he maintained " it may be restrained ' only in instances where its exercise bears a causal relation with some substantive evil, consummated, attempted or likely '" As the statute took no account of the circumstances under which the offending literature was written, it violated the First Amendment.

Freedom of speech, freedom of the press, and freedom of association were guaranteed in the newly written constitution as with the already firmly established freedom of religion doctrine.

This supersedes the doctrine of the Bush Administration set forth in " Doctrine for Joint Nuclear Operations " and written under the direction of Air Force General Richard B. Myers, chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff.

Federalist No. 78, also written by Hamilton, lays the groundwork for the doctrine of judicial review by federal courts of federal legislation or executive acts.

At the same time the church became more tolerant of war in the defense of faith, espousing theories of the just war ; and liturgies were introduced which blessed a knight's sword, and a bath of chivalric purification. The first noted support for chivalric vocation, or the establishment of knightly class to ensure the sanctity and legitimacy of Christianity was written in 930 by Odo, abbot of Cluny in the Vita of St. Gerald of Aurillac, which argued that the sanctity of Christ and Christian doctrine can be demonstrated through the legitimate unsheathing of the “ sword against the enemy .” In the 11th century the concept of a " knight of Christ " ( miles Christi ) gained currency in France, Spain and Italy.

Proponents of this doctrine distinguish between an action and the consequences of an action, and suggest that after God has regenerated someone, the person's will has been changed, that " old things pass away " and " all things are become new ", as it is written in the Bible, and he or she will therefore persevere in the faith.

Charles Stanley, pastor of Atlanta's megachurch First Baptist and a television evangelist, has written that the doctrine of eternal security of the believer persuaded him years ago to leave his familial Pentecostalism and become a Southern Baptist.

Former American Bible Society board member Dr. Bruce M. Metzger concluded that " on the whole, one gains a tolerably good impression of the scholarly equipment of the translators ," but identified instances where the translation has been written to support doctrine, with " several quite erroneous renderings of the Greek.

This rule itself however, being legal doctrine, is not explicitly included anywhere within the written law and is only found in the official commission reports and ministerial commentaries accompanying the bill.

Cydones had written a number of anti-Palamist treatises and continued to argue forcefully against Palamism even when brought before the patriarch and enjoined to adhere to the orthodox doctrine.

The Scientific Development doctrine has been written into the Communist Party and State Constitutions in 2007 and 2008, respectively.

Latin hymns such as Veni redemptor gentium, written by Ambrose, Archbishop of Milan, were austere statements of the theological doctrine of the Incarnation in opposition to Arianism.

Critics point to the fact that church leaders practiced polygamy in secret from 1833 to 1852, despite a written church doctrine ( Doctrine and Covenants 101, 1835 edition ) renouncing polygamy and stating that only monogamous marriages were permitted.

" While the matter was not yet established doctrine or written policy of Jehovah's Witnesses, at least some Witness families quickly made a personal conscientious decision on the matter.