The idea that the crusades were a response to Islam dates back as far as 12th-century historian William of Tyre, who began his chronicle with the fall of Jerusalem to Umar.

The 12th-century historian William of Malmesbury was of the community.

Henry of Huntingdon, a 12th-century historian who had access to versions of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle now lost, believed that Mercians had been the victors in a " terrible battle ", and remarks upon Wulfhere having inherited " the valour of his father and grandfather ".

According to the 12th-century Byzantine historian Anna Comnena, the Vlachs founded the independent state of Great Walachia, which covered the Pindus Mountain ranges and part of Macedonia.

), also known as William Parvus, was a 12th-century English historian and Augustinian canon of Anglo-Saxon descent from Bridlington, Yorkshire.

The 12th-century Byzantine historian John Kinnamos on the other hand already writes the title in its contracted form ().

His story is passed down to us by 12th-century English historian William of Newburgh in his Historia rerum anglicarum, Book I, Chapter 24 entitled " Of bishop Wimund, his life unbecoming a bishop, and how he was deprived of his sight ".

The nearly extinct Karaim of Halychyna, better known in history as Chalyzians or Khalyzians or Khalis or Khwalis ( Arabic: Khwarezmian, Byzantine Greek: Χαλίσιοι, Khalisioi, Magyar: Kaliz ( pronounced Kalish )) of Galicia ( Eastern Europe ) are yet a people first mentioned by the 12th-century Byzantine historian John Kinnamos.

Eleanor or Aliénor was the oldest of three children of William X, Duke of Aquitaine, whose glittering ducal court was on the leading edge of early – 12th-century culture, and his wife, Aenor de Châtellerault, the daughter of Aimeric I, Viscount of Châtellerault, and Dangereuse, who was William IX's longtime mistress as well as Eleanor's maternal grandmother.

According to William of Tyre, the later 12th-century chronicler of the Kingdom of Jerusalem, Godfrey was " tall of stature, not extremely so, but still taller than the average man.

In the 19th century William Chappell, an expert on popular music, suggested the possibility that the " Old King Cole " of nursery rhyme fame was really " Old Cole ", alias Thomas Cole-brook, a supposed 12th-century Reading cloth merchant whose story was recounted by Thomas Deloney in his The Pleasant History of Thomas of Reading ( c. 1598 ), and who was well known as a character in plays of the early 17th century.

The manor of Sale was one of 30 held by William FitzNigel, a powerful 12th-century baron in north Cheshire.

The place name derives from " Sock ", probably an area of marsh or streams, and the family name of the successors of William the Dane, a 12th-century owner.

* Sir William de Graham, 12th-century Scottish knight

Following Bede, versions of the Lucius story appeared in the 9th-century Historia Brittonum, and in 12th-century works such as William of Malmesbury's Gesta pontificum Anglorum and the Book of Llandaff.

* It is the presumed birthplace of the 12th-century architect William of Sens.

William of Malmesbury, a 12th-century writer, states that Thomas finished the cathedral, and this is corroborated by the fact that Thomas was buried in the minster in 1100.

The 12th-century French writer Chrétien de Troyes, who added Lancelot and the Holy Grail to the story, began the genre of Arthurian romance that became a significant strand of medieval literature.

Lord Peter Wimsey's ( fictional ) ancestry begins with the 12th-century knight Gerald de Wimsey, who went with King Richard The Lion Heart on the Third Crusade and took part in the Siege of Acre.

For a long time, scholars believed him to be identical with the 12th-century canon lawyer and theologian Master Roland of Bologna, who composed the " Stroma " or " Summa Rolandi "— one of the earliest commentaries on the Decretum of Gratian — and the " Sententiae Rolandi ", a sentence collection displaying the influence of Pierre Abélard.

1135 – 1179 ) was a 12th-century Marcher lord who secured a foundation for the dominant position later held by the Braose family in the Welsh Marches.

" Avenzoar, an Arabic physician in 12th-century Moorish Spain who also practiced dissection, introduced animal testing as an experimental method of testing surgical procedures before applying them to human patients.

Walter of Châtillon ( Latin Gualterus de Castellione ) was a 12th-century French writer and theologian who wrote in the Latin language.

One historic source on Slavic mythology mentioning this god is the 12th-century Chronica Slavorum, a work written by German priest Helmold which describes customs and beliefs of several Wendish and Polabian tribes who were still pagans.

* In the Russo-Japanese anime First Squad, Ahnenerbe is the Nazi occult organization who is attempting to raise from the dead a supernatural army of crusaders from the 12th-century Order of the Sacred Cross ( i. e. the Teutonic Knights ) and enlist them in the Nazi cause.

Feargus O ' Connor was born on 18 July 1794 in Connorville, County Cork, into a prominent Irish Protestant family who claimed to be the descendants of the 12th-century king Ruaidrí Ua Conchobair.

Two of these were already known and had been attributed by the 12th-century AD Byzantine scholar John Tzetzes to the Hellenistic epigrammatist Posidippus of Pella, a Macedonian who spent his literary career in Alexandria.

Memorare, from the Latin " Remember ", is frequently misattributed to the 12th-century Cistercian monk Saint Bernard of Clairvaux, apparently due to confusion with its 17th-century popularizer, Father Claude Bernard, who stated that he learned it from his own father.

Rachel Bromwich notes that a 12th-century poem by Cynddelw Brydydd Mawr contains a reference to an otherwise forgotten early poet named Morfran, and suggests a connection with the Morfran of The Tale of Taliesin who was the intended recipient of the cauldron of poetic inspiration.

They are opposed by a Schutzstaffel ( SS ) officer who is attempting to raise from the dead a supernatural army of crusaders from the 12th-century Order of the Sacred Cross and enlist them in the Nazi cause.

The Gita Govinda ( Oriya: ଗ ୀ ତ ଗ ୋ ବ ି ନ ୍ ଦ, Devanagari: ग ी त ग ो व ि न ् द ) ( Song of Govinda ) is a work composed by the 12th-century poet, Jayadeva, who was born in Kenduli Sasan near Puri in Orissa.

Honorius Augustodunensis ( 1080-1154 ), commonly known as Honorius of Autun, was a very popular 12th-century Christian theologian who wrote prolifically on many subjects.

Originally the 12th-century Palazzo del Capitano del Popolo, who represented the " tribuni della plebe " ( the " tribunes of the people "), in 1514 the palace gave way to Cardinal Passerini, who rebuilt it in Renaissance taste c. 1521 ‑ 27, and left it, as Palazzo Passerini, to his heirs ( who donated it in 1964 to provide a section of the University of Pisa ).

In its early 12th-century dissemination, Kabbalah received criticism from some Rabbis, who adhered to " Hakirah " ( medieval Jewish philosophy ), for its alleged introduction of multiplicity into Jewish monotheism.

Folklorist Resurrección María de Azkue ties Mari Urraca to a legend about a princess of the Kingdom of Navarre, widow of a 12th-century nobleman who lived in the Tower of Muncharaz in the valley known as the Merindad de Durango.

The concept of an international date line is first mentioned in a 12th-century Talmudic commentary which seems to indicate that the day changes in an area where the time is six hours ahead of Jerusalem ( 90 degrees east of Jerusalem, a line running through the Philippines ).

This poem, which seems to have been composed by a certain Gregoire Bechada, mentioned in a 12th-century chronicle and written in Limousin ( see G. Paris, in Romania, xxii.

" At any rate the spelling " Gwalchmai " has become popular, and there is a small village in Anglesey called Gwalchmai, probably named after the 12th-century bard Gwalchmai ap Meilyr .< ref >< span class =" plainlinks "> Notes on SGGK Medieval Notes on Sir Gawain and the Green Knight </ span > on Humx. org </ ref >

Iorga also stood out among his generation for flatly rejecting any notion that the 12th-century Second Bulgarian Empire was a " Vlach-Bulgarian " or " Romanian-Bulgarian " project, noting that the Vlach achievements there benefited " another nation " ( Iorga's italics ).

The 12th-century Life of Gildas claims that Gildas had in fact written extensively about Arthur, but then angrily excised him from the text after Arthur killed his brother, Huail.

Although a 12th-century source claims Leofric held the office of chancellor, modern historians agree he never did so.