The Reconquista of Portugal and Spain led to a series of oceanic explorations resulting in the age of discovery that established direct links with Africa, the Americas and Asia, while religious wars continued to be fought in Europe, which ended in 1648 with the Peace of Westphalia.

* 1648: The Peace of Westphalia ends the Thirty Years ' War.

The war ended in 1648 with the Peace of Westphalia.

The Peace of Westphalia in 1648 strengthened it even further, through the acquisition of East Pomerania.

The Empire after the Peace of Westphalia, 1648

There followed an epic struggle against the Spanish that did not end until the Peace of Westphalia in 1648.

A map of Europe in 1648, after the Peace of Westphalia.

The Truce of Ulm ( 1647 ) and the Peace of Westphalia ( 1648 ) brought an end to the war.

When the Thirty Years ' War concluded with the Treaty of Münster ( also called the Peace of Westphalia ) in 1648, a new electorate was created for the Count Palatine of the Rhine.

The public international law originates in the Peace of Westphalia in Osnabrück and Münster ( 1648 )

Beginning with the Peace of Westphalia in 1648, the 17th, 18th and 19th centuries saw the growth of the concept of the sovereign " nation-state ", which consisted of a nation controlled by a centralized system of government.

During the 17th century, the basic tenets of the Grotian or eclectic school, especially the doctrines of legal equality, territorial sovereignty, and independence of states, became the fundamental principles of the European political and legal system and were enshrined in the 1648 Peace of Westphalia.

According to the Peace of Westphalia ( 1648 ), Magdeburg was assigned to Brandenburg-Prussia after the death of the current administrator, August of Saxe-Weissenfels, as the semi-autonomous Duchy of Magdeburg ; this occurred in 1680.

* 1648 – The Peace of Westphalia is signed, marking the end of the Thirty Years ' War.

Though expected to take part in the negotiations which led in 1648 to the Peace of Westphalia, he declined to deliberate with persons whom the Catholic Church considered heretics, and protested, when it was finally completed, against the Treaty of Westphalia that ended the Thirty Years ' War ( 1618 – 1648 ) and established the balance of European power that lasted until the wars of the French Revolution ( 1789 ).

The Peace of Westphalia was a series of peace treaties signed between May and October 1648 in Osnabrück and Münster.

* The signing of the Peace of Münster between the Dutch Republic and the Kingdom of Spain on 30 January 1648, officially ratified in Münster on 15 May 1648.

A simplified map of Europe after the Peace of Westphalia in 1648.

Innocent X objected to the conclusion of the Peace of Westphalia, against which his nuncio, Fabio Chigi, in his name vainly protested, and against which in 1650 he issued the bull Zelo Domus Dei backdated to November 1648, which was ignored by the European Powers.

The current notion of state sovereignty is often traced back to the Peace of Westphalia ( 1648 ), which, in relation to states, codified the basic principles:

The result of that conflict and the conclusion of the great European war at the Peace of Westphalia in 1648 helped establish post-war Sweden as a force in Europe.

Supporters of concept of Westphalian sovereignty consider that the modern idea of territorial integrity began with the Peace of Westphalia in 1648.

It brought to an end the first phase of the power struggle between the Papacy and the Holy Roman Emperors and has been interpreted as containing within itself the germ of nation-based sovereignty that would one day be confirmed in the Treaty of Westphalia ( 1648 ); in part this was an unforeseen result of strategic maneuvering between the Church and the European sovereigns over political control within their domains.

In 1648, the powers of Europe signed the Treaty of Westphalia which ended the religious violence for purely political governance and outlook, signifying the birth of the modern ' state '.

Kolberg, with most of Farther Pomerania, was granted to Brandenburg-Prussia in 1648 by the Treaty of Westphalia and, after the signing of the Treaty of Stettin ( 1653 ), was part of the Province of Pomerania.

* 1648 – The Treaty of Westphalia is signed.

The idea of a nation state is associated with the rise of the modern system of states, often called the " Westphalian system " in reference to the Treaty of Westphalia ( 1648 ).

He led an uprising against the Commonwealth and its magnates ( 1648 – 1654 ) which resulted in the creation of a Cossack state.

But in 1648 beginning of the Khmelnytsky Uprising in Ukraine, at this time in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, which continues until 1654, and results is concluded in the city of Pereyaslav during the meeting between the Cossacks of the Zaporozhian Host and Tsar Alexey I of Russia the Treaty of Pereyaslav.

The two parts of the Holy Roman Empire clashed in the Thirty Years ' War ( 1618 – 1648 ), which was ruinous to the twenty million civilians.

From 1648, the Cossack Khmelnytsky Uprising engulfed the south and east, and was soon followed by a Swedish invasion, which raged through core Polish lands.

The Elector of Bavaria replaced the Elector Palatine in 1623, but when the latter was granted a new electorate in 1648, there was a dispute between the two as to which was vicar.

Pessimism in the south was more intense after the Cossacks ' Uprising ( 1648 – 1654 ) under Chmielnicki and the turbulent times in Poland ( 1648 – 1660 ), which violently ruined the Jewry of South East Poland, but did not much affect that of Lithuania and Estonia.

The last campaign of the war ( 1648 ) was uneventful, and shortly after its close he retired to live on the estates which he had bought in the course of his career, and on one of these, Benátky nad Jizerou NE of Prague in Bohemia, a gift from the emperor, he died on September 12, 1652 and was buried in the church of Nativity of the Virgin Mary in Benátky.

" Hitherto Monk had continued to make solemn protestations of his affection and fidelity to the Commonwealth interest, against a King and House of Lords ; but the new militia being settled, and a Convention, calling themselves a Parliament and fit for his purpose, being met at Westminster, he sent to such lords as had sat with the Parliament till 1648, to return to the place where they used to sit, which they did, upon assurance from him, that no others should be permitted to sit with them ; which promise he also broke, and let in not only such as had deserted to Oxford, but the late created lords.

In 1648 the sovereign courts of Paris procured their momentary suppression in a kind of charter of liberties which they imposed upon the crown, but which was ephemeral.

The Sultanate of women ( 1648 – 1656 ) was a period in which the political influence of the Imperial Harem was dominant, as the mothers of young sultans exercised power on behalf of their sons.

But the inadequacy of Ibrahim I ( 1640 – 1648 ) and the minority accession of Mehmed IV in 1646 created a significant crisis of rule, which the dominant women of the Imperial Harem filled.

Popes instituted a Catholic Reformation ( 1560 – 1648 ), which addressed the challenges of the Protestant Reformation and instituted internal reforms.

Gorton received a separate charter for his settlement in 1648, which he named Warwick after his patron.

These treaties ended the Thirty Years ' War ( 1618 – 1648 ) in the Holy Roman Empire, and the Eighty Years ' War ( 1568 – 1648 ) between Spain and the Dutch Republic, with Spain formally recognizing the independence of the Dutch Republic.

Westphalia is known for the 1648 Peace of Westphalia which ended the Thirty Years ' War, as the two treaties were signed in Münster and Osnabrück.

The most common dating of the Protestant Reformation begins in 1517, when Luther published The Ninety-Five Theses, and concludes in 1648 with the Treaty of Westphalia that ended years of European religious wars.

The Peace of Westphalia of 1648, signed in Münster and Osnabrück, ended the Thirty Years ' War.

In 1648, Sweden became a guarantee power for the Peace of Westphalia, which ended the Thirty Years ' War and left her with the additional dominions of Bremen-Verden, Wismar and Swedish Pomerania.

The northern Seven United Provinces kept parts of Limburg, Brabant, and Flanders during the Eighty Years ' War ( see Generality Lands ), which ended with the Treaty of Westphalia in 1648.

However, the conflict ended in 1648, with France emerging in a far better position than any other power, and the Holy Roman Empire entering a period of decline.

The timing of the outbreak of the Fronde des parlements, directly after the Peace of Westphalia ( 1648 ) that ended the Thirty Years War, was significant.

In 1648, however, he received the command in the important field of the Low Countries, and at Lens ( 19 August ) a battle took place, which, beginning with a panic in his own regiment, was retrieved by Condé's coolness and bravery, and ended in a victory that fully restored his prestige.

He is best known for the battle of Prague between 25 June and 1 November 1648 which ended the Thirty Years ' War.

The Peace of Westphalia in 1648, which ended the Thirty Years ' War, brought the Dutch Republic formal recognition and independence from the Spanish crown.

By the Peace of Westphalia, which ended the Thirty Years ' War in 1648, Brandenburg gained Minden and Halberstadt, also the succession in Farther Pomerania ( incorporated in 1653 ) and the Duchy of Magdeburg ( incorporated in 1680 ).

Previously an Austrian possession, Belfort was transferred to France by the Treaty of Westphalia ( 1648 ), that ended the Thirty Years ' War.

When the war was ended by the Peace of Münster in January 1648, he accepted from the elector of Brandenburg the post of governor of Cleves, Mark and Ravensberg, and later also of Minden.

In 1648, the Peace of Westphalia had ended the Thirty Years ' War, during which the Swedish Empire emerged as the new major European power alongside France.

The Polish Golden Age refers to the times from 15th century Jagiellon Poland to the death of the last of the Jagiellons, Sigismund August in 1569, or mid-17th century, when in 1648 the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth was ravaged by the Khmelnytsky Uprising and The Deluge and the Golden Age ended.

By 1628, the town was changing overlords and occupation armies repeatedly as the war dragged on, ending up in Imperial hands by the time the war ended in 1648.

After five years ' negotiations, and a bitter quarrel with the comte d ' Avaux, which ended in the latter's recall, Servien signed the two treaties of 24 October 1648 which were part of the general Peace of Westphalia.