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18th-century and Enlightenment
Since the 19th century, humanism has been associated with an anti-clericalism inherited from the 18th-century Enlightenment philosophes.
In the end science and scientific rationality, often taking models from the 18th-century Enlightenment, came to be seen as the source of logic and stability, while the basic primitive sexual and unconscious drives, along with the seemingly counter-intuitive workings of the new machine age, were taken as the basic emotional substance.
* Baruch Spinoza ( 1632 1677 ) Dutch philosopher who helped lay the groundwork for the 18th-century Enlightenment.
The Enlightenment Past: reconstructing 18th-century French thought.
This tradition was prominent in the intellectual life of 16th-century Italy, as well as seventeenth-and 18th-century Britain and America ; indeed the term " virtue " appears frequently in the work of Niccolò Machiavelli, David Hume, the republicans of the English Civil War period, the 18th-century English Whigs, and the prominent figures among the Scottish Enlightenment and the American Founding Fathers.
During the Age of Enlightenment in 18th-century Europe, the academy started to change in Europe.
Kors has written on the history of skeptical, atheistic, and materialist thought in 17th-and 18th-century France, on the Enlightenment in general, on the history of European witchcraft beliefs, and on academic freedom.
The 18th-century philosophy article deals with the period often called the early part of " The Enlightenment " in the shorter form of the word, and centers on the rise of systematic empiricism, following after Sir Isaac Newton's natural philosophy.
This secular, 18th-century perfection was a fundamental article of faith for the Enlightenment.
Though relatively unknown compared to the United States Constitution that went into effect in 1789 and the Polish Constitution of May 3, 1791, it preceded them and was a forerunner of modern democracy founded on Enlightenment principles, along with the 1720 documents of Sweden's Age of Liberty ( the Swedish 18th-century parliamentary era ).

18th-century and philosopher
Its modern-day function was originated by the innovations of Gotthold Ephraim Lessing, an 18th-century German playwright, philosopher, and theorist about theatre.
Jean-Jacques Rousseau (; 28 June 17122 July 1778 ) was a Genevan philosopher, writer, and composer of 18th-century Romanticism of French expression.
Rousseau most commonly refers to 18th-century Swiss author and philosopher Jean-Jacques Rousseau, and it may also refer to:
A candidate with that property is called a Condorcet winner ( named for the 18th-century French mathematician and philosopher Marie Jean Antoine Nicolas Caritat, the Marquis de Condorcet, who championed such outcomes ).
* Transcendental idealism, a doctrine founded by 18th-century German philosopher Immanuel Kant
The 18th-century philosopher Jeremy Bentham compiled enlightenment beliefs in Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation, and he included his own reasoning in a comparison between slavery and sadism toward animals:
The most famous proponent of subjective idealism was the 18th-century Irish philosopher George Berkeley, although Berkeley's term for his theory was immaterialism.
" 18th-century philosopher Richard Price, who takes the first horn and thus sees morality as " necessary and immutable ", sets out the objection as follows: " It may seem that this is setting up something distinct from God, which is independent of him, and equally eternal and necessary.
As 18th-century philosopher Francis Hutcheson writes: " Is the Reason exciting to concur with the Deity this, ' The Deity is our Benefactor?
Another alternative perspective, promoted by David Hume's 18th-century opponent, Presbyterian philosopher Thomas Reid, and perhaps hinted at by Hume himself, at least in some moods ( though this is a very controversial issue in interpreting Hume ), has it that some of our " natural " beliefs — beliefs we are led to form by natural features of the human constitution — have what can be called an " innocent-until-proven-guilty " status.
The concept of universalizability was set out by the 18th-century German philosopher Immanuel Kant as part of his work Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals.

18th-century and David
He was David Soslan, an Alan prince, to whom the 18th-century Georgian scholar Prince Vakhushti ascribes descent from the early 11th-century Georgian king George I. David, a capable military commander, became Tamar's major supporter and was instrumental in defeating the rebellious nobles rallied behind Yuri.
The " grave " mound is ascribed to the activities of a late 18th-century landlord of the Goat Hotel in Beddgelert, David Pritchard, who connected the legend to the village in order to encourage tourism.
The craft and artistry of David Roentgen, Neuwied, ( and later at Paris as well ) was unsurpassed, even in Paris, by any 18th-century marquetry craftsman.
The epithet aghmashenebeli ( აღმაშენებელი ), which is translated as " the Builder " ( in the sense of " built completely "), " the Rebuilder ", or " the Restorer ", first appears as the sobriquet of David in the charter issued in the name of " King of Kings Bagrat " in 1452 and becomes firmly affixed to him in the works of the 17th-and 18th-century historians such as Parsadan Gorgijanidze, Beri Egnatashvili and Prince Vakhushti.
A resident of Manhattan, Thayer David collected walking sticks, 18th-century European landscape paintings and Victorian furniture.
Selected paintings by the 18th-century artists from the Gallery collection include the ' Portrait of the Lee Family ' by Joseph Highmore, ' David Garrick in ' The Provoked Wife ' by Johann Zoffany, ' Portrait of Erasmus Darwin ' ( 1792 ) by Joseph Wright of Derby, ' Apotheosis of Penelope Boothby ' by Henry Fuseli, ' Arrival of Louis XVIII at Calais ' by Wolverhampton-born Edward Bird.
* David Collins ( Hampshire cricketer ), 18th-century cricketer associated with Hampshire
A version of David ’ s Bagratid origin found further development in the works of the 18th-century Georgian scholar Prince Vakhushti Bagrationi.
Bishop George Berkeley and David Hume are the best remembered major philosophers of 18th-century England, but other philosophers adapted the political ramifications of empiricism, including Bernard de Mandeville, Charles Davenant, and Adam Smith.

18th-century and 1711
Samuel Rhoads ( 1711 April 7, 1784 ) was a leading citizen of 18th-century Philadelphia.
Contemporary 18th-century engravings present different variations of the type ( notably, Alexey Zubov's 1711 engraving showing troops marching through seven different gates ).

18th-century and
Jean-Baptiste-Siméon Chardin ( 2 November 1699 6 December 1779 ) was an 18th-century French painter.
Deist authors and 17th-and 18th-century theologians in general referred to God using a variety of vivid circumlocutions such as:
Sir Joshua Reynolds RA FRS FRSA ( 16 July 1723 23 February 1792 ) was an influential 18th-century English painter, specialising in portraits and promoting the " Grand Style " in painting which depended on idealization of the imperfect.
Source on tobacco culture in 18th-century Virginia pp. 46 55
The 18th-century Whigs borrowed the concepts and language of universal rights employed by political theorists Locke and Algernon Sidney ( 1622 82 ).
Alexander Pope ( 21 May 1688 30 May 1744 ) was an 18th-century English poet, best known for his satirical verse and for his translation of Homer.
* 1796 Blackwell's great-grandson Jacob Blackwell constructs the Blackwell House, the island's oldest landmark, New York City's sixth oldest house and one of the city's few remaining examples of 18th-century architecture
Perhaps the most famous story of ball lightning unfolded when 18th-century physicist Georg Wilhelm Richmann installed a lightning rod in his home and was struck in the head and killed by a " pale blue ball of fire.
Samuel Richardson ( 19 August 1689 4 July 1761 ) was an 18th-century English writer and printer.
In 1743 1745 Hogarth painted the six pictures of Marriage à-la-mode ( National Gallery, London ), a pointed skewering of upper-class 18th-century society.
* The Alter Garten ( Old Garden ) square, surrounded by buildings such as the 18th-century Altes Palais ( Old Palace ), the neoclassical Staatliches Museum Schwerin ( State Art Museum ), built in 1877 1882, and the Staatstheater ( City Theater ), erected in 1886.
Consisting of an irregularly-shaped mixture of 18th, 19th, and 20th century buildings North Quad comprises the 18th-century buttery staircase adjoining the hall, the block containing the Senior Common Room, the 19th-century range along St Giles ', and the " Beehive " ( 1958 60 ), made up of non-regular hexagonal rooms.
Worth seeing are the 18th-century Orangerie ( from orange ), initially used as a summerhouse, the Schloßkirche ( Palace Church ) built in 1855 1859 in English Neo-Gothic style, the Neoclassic Hebe temple ( with a replica of a statue of the goddess Hebe ), and the Louise Temple, built in 1891 in the shape of a Greek temple to house the tomb of Queen Louise of Prussia, born Princess of Mecklenburg-Strelitz.
Other monastic establishments include the old Franciscan cloister ( 1635 ), Basilian convent ( 1720 51, by Giuseppe Fontana III ), the church of the Bridgettine cloister ( 1642, one of the earliest Baroque buildings in the region ) with the wooden two-storey dormitory ( 1630s ) still standing on the grounds, and the 18th-century buildings of the Dominican monastery ( its cathedral was demolished in 1874 ).
Robert Hans van Gulik (, August 9, 1910, Zutphen September 24, 1967, The Hague ) was a highly educated orientalist, diplomat, musician ( of the guqin ), and writer, best known for the Judge Dee mysteries, the protagonist of which he borrowed from the 18th-century Chinese detective novel Dee Goong An.
Charles Mason ( Oakridge Lynch, near Stroud, Gloucestershire, April 1728 Philadelphia, October 25, 1786 ) was an English astronomer who made significant contributions to 18th-century science and American history, particularly through his involvement with the survey of the Mason-Dixon line, which came to mark the division between the northern and southern United States ( 1764 1768 ).
Elsewhere, two great practitioners of the art of caricature in 18th-century Britain were Thomas Rowlandson ( 1756 1827 ) and James Gillray ( 1757 1815 ).
Johann Adolph Hasse ( baptised 25 March 1699 in Bergedorf, Germany 16 December 1783 in Venice ) was an 18th-century German composer, singer and teacher of music.
# Trumbull College named for Jonathan Trumbull, 18th-century governor of Connecticut.

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