Now, although the roots of the mystery story in serious literature go back as far as Balzac, Dickens, and Poe, it was not until the closing decades of the 19th century that the private detective became an established figure in popular fiction.

This Europeanization of the law was made explicit by a number of 19th century scholars.

The Civil War was a significant force in the eventual dominance of the singular usage by the end of the 19th century.

In the zoological sciences, some of his observations were confirmed to be accurate only in the 19th century.

His works contain the earliest known formal study of logic, which was incorporated in the late 19th century into modern formal logic.

With the Prior Analytics, Aristotle is credited with the earliest study of formal logic, and his conception of it was the dominant form of Western logic until 19th century advances in mathematical logic.

The term was originally coined in the 19th century by the founding sociologist and philosopher of science, Auguste Comte, and has become a major topic for psychologists ( especially evolutionary psychology researchers ), evolutionary biologists, and ethologists.

From its beginnings in the early 19th century through the early 20th century, anthropology in the United States was influenced by the presence of Native American societies.

In Greece, there was since the 19th century a science of the folklore called laographia ( laography ), in the form of " a science of the interior ", although theoretically weak ; but the connotation of the field deeply changed after World War II, when a wave of Anglo-American anthropologists introduced a science " of the outside ".

The Apollo Belvedere is a marble sculpture that was rediscovered in the late 15th century ; for centuries it epitomized the ideals of Classical Antiquity for Europeans, from the Renaissance through the 19th century.

Early 19th century.

In the Middle Bronze Age an apparently " alphabetic " system known as the Proto-Sinaitic script is thought by some to have been developed in the Sinai peninsula during the 19th century BC, by Canaanite workers in the Egyptian turquoise mines.

From the 19th century it once again became more and more popular.

Yombe people | Yombe-sculpture, 19th century

Portugal has been present in Angola for 400 years, occupied the territory in the 19th and early 20th century, and ruled over it for about 50 years.

Distinctions in vocabulary persist, for example, in culinary terms, where communication with Germans is frequently difficult, and administrative and legal language, which is due to Austria's exclusion from the development of a German nation-state in the late 19th century and its manifold particular traditions.

Until the late 19th century, the axiom of choice was often used implicitly, although it had not yet been formally stated.

The Iron is a famous 19th century landmark in central Norrköping

The museum can be found in the 19th century building The Iron in the Motala ström river in central Norrköping.

With the beginning of the slow decline of the Ottoman Empire in the early 19th century, and as a result of the expansionist policies of Czarist Russia in the Caucasus, many Muslim nations and groups in that region, mainly Circassians, Tatars, Azeris, Lezgis, Chechens, and several Turkic groups left their ancestral homelands and settled in Anatolia.

Later in the 19th century, other missionaries adapted Evans ' system to other Canadian aboriginal languages.

Charles Dickens was a prominent English author of the 19th century.

Leo Tolstoy was a prominent Russian author of the 19th century.

These were followed by significant numbers of freed Africans in the War of 1812, Irish immigrants in the mid 19th century and Dutch immigrants after World War II.

The late 19th and early 20th centuries in Ireland were dominated by Irish nationalists ' pursuit of Home Rule ( or even independence ) from the United Kingdom.

British settlement of the Maritimes, as the colonies of Nova Scotia, New Brunswick and Prince Edward Island came to be known, accelerated throughout the late 18th century and into the 19th century with significant immigration to the region as a result of Scottish migrants displaced by the Highland Clearances and Irish escaping the Great Irish Famine ( 1845-1849 ).

Irish crochet lace, late 19th century.

In the 19th century, as Ireland was facing the Great Irish Famine ( 1845-1849 ), crochet lace work was introduced as a form of famine relief ( the production of crocheted lace being an alternative way of making money for impoverished Irish workers ).

A specific 19th century example is the Irish diaspora, beginning mid-19th century and brought about by An Gorta Mór or " The Great Hunger " of the Irish Famine.

Blaine hoped that he would have more support from Irish Americans than Republicans typically did ; while the Irish were mainly a Democratic constituency in the 19th century, Blaine's mother was Irish Catholic, and he had been supportive of the Irish National Land League while he was Secretary of State.

In the later 19th century the issue of Irish Home Rule led to a split among the Liberals, with a minority breaking away to form the Liberal Unionists in 1886.

The Puritans of New England, for example, maintained strong opposition to the holiday and it was not until the mass Irish and Scottish immigration during the 19th century that the holiday was introduced to the continent in earnest.

The Irish have traditionally been involved in the building trade and transport particularly as dockers, following an influx of Irish workers, or navvies, who built the canal, road and rail networks in the 19th century.

Many Irish servicemen, particularly sailors, settled in Britain: During the 18th and 19th century a third of the Army and Royal Navy were Irish.

In the 19th and early 20th centuries, over 38, 000 Irish immigrated to Argentina.

Irish prisoners were again sent to Bermuda in the 19th century, including participants in the ill-fated Young Irelander Rebellion of 1848 and Nationalist journalist and politician John Mitchel.

There are also monuments in Mexico City paying tribute to those Irish who fought for Mexico in the 19th century.

The Irish first came over in large numbers as convicts ( 50, 000 were transported between 1791 and 1867 ), to be used as free labour ; even larger numbers of free settlers came during the 19th century, partly due to the Donegal Relief Fund.

Irish bishop Paul Cullen set out to spread Irish dominance over the English-speaking Catholic Church in the 19th century.

Bismarck's " balance of power " model maintained peace in Europe for decades at the end of the 19th century, and his " revolutionary conservatism " led to significant popular reforms in insurance law, labor, and wages.

Thus three major themes in 19th century mathematics were combined by Lie in creating his new theory: the idea of symmetry, as exemplified by Galois through the algebraic notion of a group ; geometric theory and the explicit solutions of differential equations of mechanics, worked out by Poisson and Jacobi ; and the new understanding of geometry that emerged in the works of Plücker, Möbius, Grassmann and others, and culminated in Riemann's revolutionary vision of the subject.

Romanticism had been, in the late 18th and early 19th centuries, a revolt against the effects of the Industrial Revolution and bourgeois values, while emphasizing individual, subjective experience, the sublime, and the supremacy of " Nature ", as subjects for art, and revolutionary, or radical extensions of expression, and individual liberty.

The IWW's goal was to promote worker solidarity in the revolutionary struggle to overthrow the employing class ; its motto was " an injury to one is an injury to all ", which improved upon the 19th century Knights of Labor's creed, " an injury to one is the concern of all.

In the early 19th century the revolutionary movements resulted in the independence of most Spanish colonies in America, except for Cuba and Puerto Rico, given up in 1898 following the Spanish-American War, together with Guam and the Philippines in the Pacific.

One of the most influential revolutionary groups was the Carbonari ( coalmongers ), a secret organization formed in southern Italy early in the 19th century.

In 1966, in a study of revolutionary socialism, Milorad M. Drachkovitch of the Hoover Institution on War, Revolution, and Peace ( a conservative / libertarian think tank ), noted two tactical options which divided late 19th century and early 20th century anarchists from socialists: electoral politics, which the socialists embraced, but anarchists generally opposed ; and, the general strike as a mechanism to prevent war, which anarchists supported, but socialists refused to endorse.

In the 19th century, Rimini was one of the most active cities in the revolutionary front, hosting many of the movements aimed at the unification of Italy.

In the 18th and 19th century, as revolutionary nationalism grew across Europe — including the Balkans ( due, in large part, to the influence of the French Revolution )— the Ottoman Empire's power declined and Greek nationalism began to assert itself.

The revolutionary year 1848 had its echoes in the Romanian principalities and in Transylvania, and a new elite from the middle of the 19th century emerged from the revolutions: Mihail Kogălniceanu ( writer, politician and the first prime minister of Romania ), Vasile Alecsandri ( politician, playwright and poet ), Andrei Mureşanu ( publicist and the writer of the current Romanian National Anthem ) and Nicolae Bălcescu ( historian, writer and revolutionary ).

The work is filled with quotes of other pieces by Shostakovich: the first movement quotes his Symphony No. 1 and Symphony No. 5 ; the second movement uses a Jewish theme first used by Shostakovich in his Piano Trio No. 2 ; the third movement quotes the Cello Concerto No. 1 ; and the fourth movement quotes the 19th century revolutionary song " Tormented by Grievous Bondage " and the aria " Seryozha, my love " from Shostakovich's opera, Lady Macbeth of the Mtsensk District.

Further eroded by the European revolutionary upheavals of 1848 with their demands for revision of the Congress of Vienna's frontiers along national lines, the Concert unraveled in the latter half of the 19th century amid successive wars between its participants-the Crimean War ( 1854 – 56 ), the Italian War of Independence ( 1859 ), the Austro-Prussian War ( 1866 ) and the Franco-Prussian War ( 1870 – 71 ).

Described by the Chicago Police Department as " more dangerous than a thousand rioters " in the 1920s, Parsons and her husband had become highly effective anarchist organizers primarily involved in the labor movement in the late 19th century, but also participating in revolutionary activism on behalf of political prisoners, people of color, the homeless and women.

The " Bolivarian Revolution " is named after Simón Bolívar, an early 19th century Venezuelan and Latin American revolutionary leader, prominent in the Spanish American wars of independence in achieving the independence of most of northern Latin America from Spanish rule.

They became members of one the most powerful of these societies and acquired the secrets of some of the ablest and " most profound masters of revolutionary science " which the 19th century had produced, as to the means of inviting and combining people for the purposes of successful revolution.

Because of their belief in republicanism, that is, the “ common people are the rightful rulers of their own destiny ,” the founding members saw themselves as “ furious democrats in theory ” and declared their movement to be “ wholly and unequivocally democratic .” Being a democrat and egalitarian in the mid 19th century was tantamount to being a revolutionary, and was something to be feared by political establishments.

In the late 19th and early 20th century, many Marxists and anarchists joined syndicalist movements for militant revolutionary labor unions, such as the Industrial Workers of the World.

The Lautaro Lodge () was a revolutionary secret lodge active in Latin American politics in the 19th Century.

In Shona it means " struggle ", and was the name of a previous revolutionary movement in the late 19th century.

Furet in the 1960s worked in terms of the Annales School, which locates the 1789 revolution in a " long " history of 19th century revolutionary France.

The park occupies the interface between Tower Hamlets — sunk in poverty in the 19th century and with a strong tradition of socialist and revolutionary agitation — and Hackney, more genteel, but heir to a centuries-old legacy of religious dissent and non-conformism that led to its own fierce brand of reformism.

In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, Vyatka remained a place of exile for opponents of the tsarist regime, including many prominent revolutionary figures.

The related caudillismo is a cultural phenomenon that first appeared during the early 19th century in revolutionary South America, as a type of militia leader with a charismatic personality and enough of a populist program of generic future reforms to gain broad sympathy, at least at the outset, among the common people.