It was also turned into the female form Ἀχιλλεία ( Achilleía ) attested in Attica in the 4th century BC ( IG II² 1617 ) and, in the form Achillia, on a stele in Halicarnassus as the name of a female gladiator fighting an " Amazon ".

About the 4th century BCE, the paean became merely a formula of adulation ; its object was either to implore protection against disease and misfortune, or to offer thanks after such protection had been rendered.

Marble, Roman copy of a Greek original of the 4th century BCE, from the collection of Cardinal Albani

In the 4th century BC Alexander the Great conquered the peninsula, defeating the Persians.

The name Asia Minor was given by the Latin author Orosios in the 4th century AD.

In the latter part of the 4th century BC, the Macedonian Greek king Alexander the Great conquered the peninsula.

The texts, which were rendered on leather, reflect the use of Aramaic in the 4th century BCE Achaemenid administration of Bactria and Sogdiana.

** Laozi ( 5th – 4th century BC )

** Zhuangzi ( 4th century BC )

: Metrodorus of Chios ( 4th century BC )

" Arianism " is also often used to refer to other nontrinitarian theological systems of the 4th century, which regarded Jesus Christ — the Son of God, the Logos — as either a created being ( as in Arianism proper and Anomoeanism ), or as neither uncreated nor created in the sense other beings are created ( as in Semi-Arianism ).

Controversy over Arianism arose in the late 3rd century and persisted throughout most of the 4th century.

But, by the end of the 4th century Trinitarianism prevailed in the Roman Empire.

The conflict in the 4th century had seen Arian and Nicene factions struggling for control of the Church.

The real founder of cenobitic ( koinos, common, and bios, life ) monasteries in the modern sense was Pachomius, an Egyptian of the beginning of the 4th century.

Palladius, who visited the Egyptian monasteries about the close of the 4th century, found among the 300 members of the coenobium of Panopolis, under the Pachomian rule, 15 tailors, 7 smiths, 4 carpenters, 12 cameldrivers and 15 tanners.

Aurelius Ambrosius, better known in English as Saint Ambrose ( c. 330 – 4 April 397 ), was an archbishop of Milan who became one of the most influential ecclesiastical figures of the 4th century.

In the late 4th century there was a deep conflict in the diocese of Milan between the Catholics and Arians.

In the 4th century BC it continued its traditional policy, but in 338 was besieged by Philip II of Macedon.

Amber is discussed by Theophrastus, possibly the first historical mention of the material, in the 4th century BC.

Alcidamas, of Elaea, in Aeolis, Greek sophist and rhetorician, flourished in the 4th century BC.

The Theban army under Pelopidas is said to have been dismayed by an eclipse ( on July 13, 364, see 4th century BC eclipses ), and Pelopidas, leaving the bulk of his army behind, entered Thessaly at the head of three hundred volunteer horsemen and some mercenaries.

Their non-Greek language is confirmed on the site by inscriptions in the Cypriot syllabary which alone in the Aegean world survived the Bronze Age collapse and continued to be used down to the 4th century BC.

* Andronicus, Probus, and Tarachus ( Saint Andronicus ), a 4th century martyr

* 1938 – Nicholas Bethell, 4th Baron Bethell, English politician and historian ( d. 2007 )

The 4th century church historian Eusebius, however, states in his Chronicon that Sixtus I was pope from 114 to 124, while his Historia Ecclesiastica, using a different list, claims that Sixtus ' rule was from 114 to 128.

Yule is attested early in the history of the Germanic peoples ; from the 4th century Gothic language it appears in the month name, and, in the 8th century, the English historian Bede wrote that the Anglo-Saxon calendar included the months geola or giuli corresponding with either modern December or December and January.

Greek historian Theopompus, writing in the 4th century BCE, reported that " purple for dyes fetched its weight in silver at Colophon Asia Minor.

The historian Sima Qian ( 145 – 90 BC ) dated it much earlier than the 4th century BC, attributing it to the work of Yu the Great ; modern scholars now consider it to belong to the 6th century BC ..

The closing of the Eleusinian Mysteries in the 4th century is reported by Eunapius, a historian and biographer of the Greek philosophers.

* Anaximenes of Lampsacus ( 4th century BC ), Greek rhetorician and historian

Quintus Curtius Rufus ( active 1st century AD ) referred to the writings of Cleitarchus, a 4th century BC historian of Alexander the Great, when writing his own History of Alexander the Great:

The papyrus fragment of a Greek historian of the 4th century, discovered by B. P. Grenfell and A. S. Hunt, and published by them in Oxyrhynchus Papyri, vol.

Too many circumstances point to his having had Jacobite connections, directly when travelling on the Continent, through his freemasonry, through his cousin Charles Boyle, 4th Earl of Orrery, through Bishop Atterbury, through Dr Drake ( the Jacobite historian of York ), and via servants such as his chaplain Aaron Thompson or his agent Andrew Crotty ".

4th-5th century ) was a Greek sophist and historian of the 4th century.

Ammianus Marcellinus, a noted Roman historian and general who served in the army of Constantius II in Gaul and Persia and fought against the Sassanid army under Julian the Apostate, described the sight of a contingent of massed Persian cataphracts in the 4th century:

* Sulpicius Severus, an ecclesiastical historian of the late 4th and early 5th centuries.

latter 4th century ), a late Roman historian and proconsul of Africa

* Sabinus ( 4th century ), 4th century historian

According to the 4th century historian Rufinus ( x. 9 ), who cites Frumentius ' brother Edesius as his authority, as children ( ca.

* Julius Valerius, a historian, probably of the 4th century.

* Ephippus ( 4th century BC ), historian

Amédée Thierry, a French historian, linked them to the Iberians, while Karl Müllenhoff, professor of Germanic antiquities at the Universities of Kiel and Berlin, studying the sources of the Ora maritima by Avienus ( a Latin poet who lived in the 4th century AD, but who used as source for his own work a Phoenician Periplum of the 6th century BC ), held that the name Ligurians generically referred to various peoples who lived in Western Europe, including the Celts, but thought the real Ligurians were a Pre-Indo-European population.

And the city of Zarahemla did take fire .” The Book of Mormon indicates that “ the great city of Zarahemla ” was rebuilt sometime in the first century A. D. As his doomed nation retreated northward from their enemies, the 4th century prophet and historian Mormon recorded that Nephite “ towns, and villages, and cities were burned with fire .”

Often historians assume, as a general rule, that autochthonous inhabitants survive an invasion as an under-class where they do not retreat to mountain districts, so it is interesting to hear in Deipnosophistae that Philippus of Theangela ( a 4th century BCE historian ) referred to Leleges still surviving as serfs of the " true Carians ", and even later Strabo attributes to the Leleges a distinctive group of deserted forts and tombs in Caria that were still known in his day as " Lelegean forts "; the Encyclopædia Britannica 1911 identified these as ruins that could still be traced ranging from the neighborhood of Theangela and Halicarnassus as far north as Miletus, the southern limit of the " true Carians " of Pherecydes.

Cited by the 4th century historian Ammianus Marcellinus, Timagenes ( 1st century BC ) describes how the ancestors of the Gauls were driven from their native lands in eastern Europe by a succession of wars and floods.