Glucose is mainly metabolized by a very important ten-step pathway called glycolysis, the net result of which is to break down one molecule of glucose into two molecules of pyruvate ; this also produces a net two molecules of ATP, the energy currency of cells, along with two reducing equivalents in the form of converting NAD < sup >+</ sup > to NADH.

The two molecules acetyl-CoA ( from one molecule of glucose ) then enter the citric acid cycle, producing two more molecules of ATP, six more NADH molecules and two reduced ( ubi ) quinones ( via FADH < sub > 2 </ sub > as enzyme-bound cofactor ), and releasing the remaining carbon atoms as carbon dioxide.

The 5-carbon monosaccharide ribose is an important component of coenzymes ( e. g., ATP, FAD, and NAD ) and the backbone of the genetic molecule known as RNA.

The energy derived from the oxidation of nutrients is not used directly but, by means of a complex and long sequence of reactions, it is channelled into a special energy-storage molecule, adenosine triphosphate ( ATP ).

The citric acid cycle oxidizes the acetyl-CoA to carbon dioxide, and, in the process, produces reduced cofactors ( three molecules of NADH and one molecule of FADH < sub > 2 </ sub >) that are a source of electrons for the electron transport chain, and a molecule of GTP ( that is readily converted to an ATP ).

The process is coupled to the hydrolysis of 16 equivalents of ATP and is accompanied by the co-formation of one molecule of H < sub > 2 </ sub >.

Although the many forms of life on earth use a range of different nutrients, almost all aerobic organisms carry out oxidative phosphorylation to produce ATP, the molecule that supplies energy to metabolism.

Glycolysis produces only 2 ATP molecules, but somewhere between 30 and 36 ATPs are produced by the oxidative phosphorylation of the 10 NADH and 2 succinate molecules made by converting one molecule of glucose to carbon dioxide and water, while each cycle of beta oxidation of a fatty acid yields about 14 ATPs.

In the first step, a ubiquitin-activating enzyme ( known as E1 ) hydrolyzes ATP and adenylylates a ubiquitin molecule.

The term kinase describes a large family of enzymes that are responsible for catalyzing the transfer of a phosphoryl group from a nucleoside triphosphate donor, such as ATP, to an acceptor molecule.

Included in a number of the structural features that can be recognized in all protein tyrosine kinases are an ATP binding site, three residues that are thought to be associated with the function of the third phosphate group ( often called the gamma-phosphate group ) of an ATP molecule bound to the enzyme, and a possible catalytic site of the enzyme that is an amino acid.

* Adenosine diphosphate, an important molecule resulting from the transfer of energy from ATP

The squiggle notation was invented by Fritz Albert Lipmann, who first proposed ATP as the main energy transfer molecule of the cell, in 1941.

The coupling between ATP hydrolysis and transport is more or less a strict chemical reaction, in which a fixed number of solute molecules are transported for each ATP molecule that is hydrolyzed ; for example, 3 Na < sup >+</ sup > ions out of the cell and 2 K < sup >+</ sup > ions inward per ATP hydrolyzed, for the Na < sup >+</ sup >/ K < sup >+</ sup > exchanger.

The ATP synthase of mitochondria and chloroplasts is an anabolic enzyme that harnesses the energy of a transmembrane proton gradient as an energy source for adding an inorganic phosphate group to a molecule of adenosine diphosphate ( ADP ) to form a molecule of adenosine triphosphate ( ATP ).

During heavy or prolonged mild to moderate activity, other enzymes convert two molecules of ADP into one ATP molecule and one AMP molecule, making more ATP available to supply energy.

Muscle tissue also contains a stored supply of a fast acting recharge chemical, creatine phosphate which can assist initially producing the rapid regeneration of ADP into ATP.

The C-terminal domain contains an ATP-binding site and is therefore probably the site of ATP hydrolysis.

One half of each dimer contains the ATP binding site whereas the other half the substrate ( fructose-6-phosphate or ( F6P )) binding site as well as a separate allosteric binding site.

The Sniper ATP is in service with Norway, Oman, Poland, Singapore, Canada, Belgium, Turkey, Saudi Arabia The Sniper ATP contains a laser designator and tracker for guiding laser-guided bombs.

One index of the energy status is the energy charge, which is proportional to the mole fraction of ATP plus half the mole fraction of ADP, given that ATP contains two anhydride bonds whereas ADP contains one.

Since it is a DNA-dependent ATPase, RecA contains an additional site for binding and hydrolyzing ATP.

All classes of AC catalyze the conversion of ATP to 3 ', 5 '- cyclic AMP ( cAMP ) and pyrophosphate.

ATP can undergo hydrolysis in two ways: the removal of terminal phosphate to form adenosine diphosphate ( ADP ) and inorganic phosphate, or the removal of a terminal diphosphate to yield adenosine monophosphate ( AMP ) and pyrophosphate.

* PFP ( reversibly interconverts fructose 6-phosphate and fructose 1, 6-bisphosphate using inorganic pyrophosphate rather than ATP )

The synthetase first binds ATP and the corresponding amino acid or its precursor to form an aminoacyl-adenylate and release inorganic pyrophosphate ( PP < sub > i </ sub >).

The non-nitrogenous bisphosphonates ( disphosphonates ) are metabolised in the cell to compounds that replace the terminal pyrophosphate moiety of ATP, forming a nonfunctional molecule that competes with adenosine triphosphate ( ATP ) in the cellular energy metabolism.

A fatty acid reacts with ATP to give a fatty acyl adenylate, plus inorganic pyrophosphate, which then reacts with free coenzyme A to give a fatty acyl-CoA ester plus AMP.

The cycle converts two amino groups, one from NH < sub > 4 </ sub >< sup >+</ sup > and one from Asp, and a carbon atom from HCO < sub > 3 </ sub >< sup >−</ sup >, to the relatively nontoxic excretion product urea at the cost of four " high-energy " phosphate bonds ( 3 ATP hydrolyzed to 2 ADP and one AMP ).

The one exception is of value because it allows a single hydrolysis, ATP + 2H < sub > 2 </ sub > O → AMP + PP < sub > i </ sub >, to effectively supply the energy of hydrolysis of two high-energy bonds, with the hydrolysis of PP < sub > i </ sub > being allowed to go to completion in a separate reaction.

Stryer states: < blockquote = Stryer > ATP is often called a high energy compound and its phosphoanhydride bonds are referred to as high-energy bonds.

This unique spinning motion bonds ADP and P together to create ATP.

With depletion of muscle glycogen, the loss of ATP causes the muscles to grow stiff, as the actin-myosin bonds cannot be released.

Eventually, thioesters could have served to usher in ATP through its ability to support the formation of bonds between phosphate groups.

Helicases are often utilized to separate strands of a DNA double helix or a self-annealed RNA molecule using the energy from ATP hydrolysis, a process characterized by the breaking of hydrogen bonds between annealed nucleotide bases.

The terminal phosphate bonds of ATP are relatively weak compared with the stronger bonds formed when ATP is broken down to adenosine monophosphate and phosphate, dissolved in water.

ATP hydrolysis is the reaction by which chemical energy that has been stored and transported in the high-energy phosphoanhydridic bonds in ATP ( Adenosine triphosphate ) is released, for example in the muscles, to produce work.

The description and typical textbook labeling of ATP phosphanhydridic bonds as " high energy.

As noted below, energy is released by the hydrolysis of ATP when these weak bonds are broken-requiring a small input of energy, followed by the formation of new bonds and the release of a larger amount of energy as the total energy of the system is lowered and becomes more stable.

Connors was acquiring a reputation as a maverick in 1972 when he refused to join the newly formed Association of Tennis Professionals ( ATP ), the union that was embraced by most male professional players, in order to play in and dominate a series of smaller tournaments organized by Bill Riordan, his manager and a clever promoter.

As a result, chemiosmosis occurs, producing ATP from ADP and a phosphate group when ATP synthase harnesses the potential energy from the concentration gradient formed by the amount of H < sup >+</ sup > ions.

* When the body has ample carbohydrates available as energy source, glucose is completely oxidized to CO < sub > 2 </ sub >; acetyl-CoA is formed as an intermediate in this process, first entering the citric acid cycle followed by complete conversion of its chemical energy to ATP in oxidative phosporylation.

In addition, thioesters are formed as key intermediates in several particularly ancient processes that result in the assembly of ATP.

A steep H + gradient is formed, which allows chemiosmosis to occur, where the thylakoid, transmenbrane ATP-synthase serves a dual function as a " gate " or channel for H + ions and a catalytic site for the formation of ATP from ADP + a P0-4 ion.

The Association of Tennis Professionals or ATP was formed in September 1972 by Donald Dell, Jack Kramer, and Cliff Drysdale to protect the interests of male professional tennis players.

In prolonged ischemia ( 60 minutes or more ), hypoxanthine is formed as breakdown product of ATP metabolism.

The theory suggests essentially that most ATP synthesis in respiring cells comes from the electrochemical gradient across the inner membranes of mitochondria by using the energy of NADH and FADH < sub > 2 </ sub > formed from the breaking down of energy-rich molecules such as glucose.

Playing on the ATP Champions Tour for over-35's, he formed a doubles partnership with the Iranian player Mansour Bahrami.

ATP binds in the pocket formed by the LID and CORE domains.

As ATP is formed of a former inorganic phosphate group, this step leads to the energy yield of glycolysis.

At the US Open the players formed their own syndicate, the Association of Tennis Professionals ( ATP ), through the efforts of Jack Kramer, Donald Dell, and Cliff Drysdale.

It uses a proton gradient to drive ATP synthesis by allowing the passive flux of protons across the membrane down their electrochemical gradient and using the energy released by the transport reaction to release newly formed ATP from the active site of F-ATPase.