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The Ainu languages that are now spoken by Ainu minorities in Hokkaidō ; and were formerly spoken in southern and central Sakhalin, and the Kuril Islands ( an area also known as Ezo ), and perhaps northern Honshū island by the Emishi people ( until approximately 1000 CE ), are associated with the founding Jōmon people of Japan from than 14, 000 years ago or earlier, and the Satsumon culture of Hokkaidō, although the Ainu also had contact with the Paleo-Siberian Okhotsk culture whose modern descendants include the Nivkh people ( whose original homeland was mostly occupied by the Tungusic people ), which could have linguistically influenced the Ainu language.
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Ainu and languages
A common ancestor of Japanese and Ryukyuan languages or dialects is thought to have been brought to Japan by settlers coming from either continental Asia or nearby Pacific islands ( or both ) sometime in the early-to mid-2nd century BC ( the Yayoi period ), replacing the language ( s ) of the original Jōmon inhabitants, including the ancestor of the modern Ainu language.
It differs by including Nivkh, Japonic, Korean, and Ainu ( which the Nostraticists had excluded from comparison because they are single languages rather than language families ) and in excluding Afroasiatic.
Ainu ( Ainu:, Aynu itak ; Japanese: Ainu-go ) is one of the Ainu languages, spoken by members of the Ainu ethnic group on the northern Japanese island of Hokkaidō.
Until the twentieth century, Ainu languages were also spoken throughout the southern half of the island of Sakhalin and by small numbers of people in the Kuril Islands.
For the most frequent proposals, see Ainu languages.
These include the Uralic languages of western Siberia ( better known for Hungarian and Finnish in Europe ), the Yeniseian languages ( linked to the Athabaskan languages of North America ), Yukaghir, Nivkh of Sakhalin, Ainu of northern Japan, Chukotko-Kamchatkan in easternmost Siberia, and — just barely — Eskimo – Aleut.
Commonly cited examples include Basque, Korean, Ainu and Burushaski, though in each case a minority of linguists claim to have demonstrated a relationship with other languages.
In the Far East, Africa and South America, regional languages have been or are being coercively replaced or marginalized by the language of a dominant culture — Tibetan and minority Chinese dialects by Mandarin Chinese, Ainu by Japanese, Quechua by Spanish, and so on.
Others have suggested that the Tungusic languages might be related ( perhaps as a paraphyletic outgroup ) to the Korean, Japonic, or Ainu languages as well.
Japanese links to Altaic languages, if they exist, could have arisen via an Altaic source for a Korean peninsula language spoken by the Yaoyi, and / or via Altaic influences on the Ainu languages via contacts between the Ainu people and Siberia.
The Ainu languages are a surviving family of languages that were spoken by indigenous populations in at least the Northern portions of what is now Japan prior to the migration of proto-Japanese language speakers to Japan from Korea.
Ainu and are
The Momoyama family had come from Miyagi Prefecture, in the northeast of the main Japanese island of Honshu, where there are still traces of the mysterious Ainu strain.
As a result, many Ainu are indistinguishable from their Japanese neighbors, but some Ainu-Japanese are interested in traditional Ainu culture.
There are many small towns in the southeastern or Hidaka region where full-blooded Ainu may still be seen such as in Nibutani ( Ainu: Niputay ).
Their most widely known ethnonym is derived from the word ainu, which means " human " ( particularly as opposed to kamui, divine beings ), basically neither ethnicity nor the name of a race, in the Hokkaidō dialects of the Ainu language ; Emishi ( Ebisu ) and Ezo ( Yezo ) ( both ) are Japanese terms, which are believed to derive from another word for " human ", which otherwise survived in Sakhalin Ainu as enciw or enju.
The North Kuril Ainu of Zaporozhye are currently the largest Ainu subgroup in Russia.
The Nakamura clan ( South Kuril Ainu on their paternal side ) are the smallest and numbers just 6 people residing in Petropavlovsk.
On Sakhalin island, there are a few dozen people who identify themselves as Sakhalin Ainu, but many more with partial Ainu ancestry do not acknowledge it.
It is believed that there are no remaining living descendants of the Kamchatka Ainu.
Ethnic Ainu living in Sakhalin Oblast and Khabarovsk Krai are not organized politically.
According to Alexei Nakamura, as of 2012, there are only 205 Ainu living in Russia ( up from just 12 people who self-identified as Ainu in 2008 ) and they along with the Kurile Kamchadals ( Itelmen of Kuril islands ) are fighting for official recognition.
Since the Ainu are not recognized in the official list of the peoples living in Russia, they are counted as people without nationality or as ethnic Russian or Kamchadal.
While modern Ainu have predominantly tested as being mongoloid ( due to heavy race mixing ), The race to which the Ainu belonged cannot be determined until ancient remains are tested.
Ainu and now
Active contact between the Wajin ( the ethnically Japanese ) and the Ainu of Ezochi ( now known as Hokkaido ) began in the 13th century.
During the Tokugawa period ( 1600 – 1868 ) the Ainu became increasingly involved in trade with Japanese who controlled the southern portion of the island that is now called Hokkaido.
The Ainu were distributed in the northern and central islands of Japan, from Sakhalin island in the north to the Kuril islands and the island of Hokkaidō and Northern Honshū, although some investigators place their former range as throughout Honshū and as far north as the southern tip of the Kamchatka Peninsula in what is now Cape Lopatka.
Originally controlled by the government with the intention of speeding Ainu assimilation and integration into the Japanese nation state, it now operates independently of the government and is run exclusively by Ainu.
Consequently, they are now so Japanesque that their characteristics as an Ainu race will vanish before long ," ( Kyosuke 10 ).
Merritt Ruhlen writes that Eurasiatic is supported by the existence of a grammatical pattern " whereby plurals of nouns are formed by suffixing-t to the noun root ... whereas duals of nouns are formed by suffixing-k ." Rasmus Rask noted this grammatical pattern in the groups now called Uralic and Eskimo – Aleut as early as 1818, but it can also be found in Altaic, Ainu, Gilyak, and Chukchi – Kamchatkan, all of which Greenberg placed in Eurasiatic.
Ainu and spoken
There is also an Ainu language spoken by an ethnic minority in Northern Japan.
Thus, as a result of this important outside cultural influence, it is impossible to know with certainty how similar the language of the original language of the Jōmon people was to that spoken by the Ainu people today.
The Ainu languages were a small language family spoken on the northern Japanese island of Hokkaidō, the southern half of the island of Sakhalin, and the Kuril Islands, an island chain that stretches from Hokkaidō to the southern tip of the Kamchatka Peninsula.
Some linguists believe the shared vocabulary between Ainu and Nivkh ( spoken in the northern half of Sakhalin and on the Asian mainland facing it ) is due to borrowing.
Ainu and by
The same schema was adopted by James Patrie ( 1982 ) in the context of an attempt to classify the Ainu language.
The Ainu were a society of hunter-gatherers, who lived mainly by hunting and fishing, and the people followed a religion based on phenomena of nature.
Throughout this period Ainu became increasingly dependent on goods imported by Japanese, and suffered from epidemic diseases such as smallpox.
Although the increased contact brought by trade between the Japanese and the Ainu contributed to increased mutual understanding, sometimes it led to conflict, occasionally intensifying into violent Ainu revolts, of which the most important was Shakushain's Revolt ( 1669 – 1672 ).
In 1899, the Japanese government passed an act labeling the Ainu as former aborigines, with the idea they would assimilate — this resulted in the land the Ainu people lived on being taken by the Japanese government, and was from then on under Japanese control.
In addition to this, the land the Ainu lived on was distributed to the Wajin who had decided to move to Hokkaido, who had been encouraged by the Japanese government of the Meiji era to take advantage of the island ’ s abundance of natural resources, and to create and maintain farms in the model of western industrial agriculture.
While at the time the process was openly referred to as colonization (" takushoku " 拓殖 ), the notion was later reframed by Japanese elites to the currently common usage " kaitaku "( 開拓 ), which instead conveys a sense of opening up or reclamation of the Ainu lands.
The Oki Dub Ainu Band, led by the Ainu Japanese musician Oki ( musician ) | Oki, in Germany in 2007
Intermarriages between Japanese and Ainu were actively promoted by the Ainu to lessen the chances of discrimination against their offspring.
On June 6, 2008, a bi-partisan, non-binding resolution was approved by the Japanese Diet calling upon the government to recognize the Ainu people as indigenous to Japan, and urging an end to discrimination against the group.
Mark J. Hudson Professor of Anthropology at Nishikyushu University, Kanzaki, Saga, Japan, said Japan was settled by a " Proto-Mongoloid " population in the Pleistocene who became the Jōmon and their features can be seen in the Ainu and Okinawan people.
In the book of " Ainu life and legends " by author Kyōsuke Kindaichi ( published by the Japanese Tourist Board in 1942 ) contains the physical description of Ainu: Many have wavy hair, but some straight black hair.
The island of Hokkaido was known to the Ainu as Ainu Moshir, and was formally annexed by the Japanese at the late date of 1868, partly as a means of preventing the intrusion of the Russians, and partly for imperialist reasons.
During the Tsarist times, the Ainu living in Russia were forbidden from identifying themselves as such, since the Imperial Japanese officials had claimed that all the regions inhabited by the Ainu in the past or present, are a part of Japan.
They settled down near Kurile Lake, which was inhabited by the Kamchatka Ainu and North Kuril Ainu.
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