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Ainu and were
The Ainu were a society of hunter-gatherers, who lived mainly by hunting and fishing, and the people followed a religion based on phenomena of nature.
In 1868 there were about 15, 000 Ainu in Hokkaido, 2000 in Sakhalin, and around 100 in the Kurile islands.
Also at this time, the Ainu were granted automatic Japanese citizenship, effectively denying them the status of an indigenous group.
During this time the Ainu were forced to learn Japanese, required to adopt Japanese names and ordered to cease religious practices such as animal sacrifice and the custom of tattooing.
Intermarriages between Japanese and Ainu were actively promoted by the Ainu to lessen the chances of discrimination against their offspring.
Though the resolution is historically significant, Hideaki Uemura, professor at Keisen University in Tokyo and a specialist in indigenous peoples ' rights, commented that the motion is " weak in the sense of recognizing historical facts " as the Ainu were " forced " to become Japanese in the first place.
As a result of the Treaty of Saint Petersburg ( 1875 ), the Kuril Islands were handed over to Japan, along with its Ainu subjects.
However, Margaret Sleeboom-Faulkner of the Department of Anthropology at the University of Sussex said Kanzō Umehara considered the Ainu and some Ryukyuans to have " preserved their proto-Mongoloid traits " According to anthropologist Elsie Clews Parsons physical features of the Proto-Mongoloid were characterized as, " a straight-haired type, medium in complexion, jaw protrusion, nose-breadth, and inclining probably to round-headedness ".
The Ainu were distributed in the northern and central islands of Japan, from Sakhalin island in the north to the Kuril islands and the island of Hokkaidō and Northern Honshū, although some investigators place their former range as throughout Honshū and as far north as the southern tip of the Kamchatka Peninsula in what is now Cape Lopatka.
The Ainu population, as previously Japanese subjects, were " repatriated " to Japan.
During the Tsarist times, the Ainu living in Russia were forbidden from identifying themselves as such, since the Imperial Japanese officials had claimed that all the regions inhabited by the Ainu in the past or present, are a part of Japan.
During the Soviet times, people with Ainu surnames were sent to gulags and labor camps, as they were often mistaken for the Japanese.
After World War II, most of the Ainu living in Sakhalin were deported to Japan.
Of those who remained, only the elderly were full-blooded Ainu.
Due to this, children born after 1945 were not able to identify themselves as Ainu.
Many of the Ainu dialects, even from one end of Hokkaido to the other, were not mutually intelligible ; however, the classic Ainu language of the Yukar, or Ainu epic stories, was understood by all.
Without a writing system, the Ainu were masters of narration, with the Yukar and other forms of narration such as the Uepeker ( Uwepeker ) tales, being committed to memory and related at gatherings, often lasting many hours or even days.
Most Ainu relocated to Hokkaidō when the Japanese were displaced from the island in 1949.

Ainu and increasingly
During the Tokugawa period ( 1600 – 1868 ) the Ainu became increasingly involved in trade with Japanese who controlled the southern portion of the island that is now called Hokkaido.
Throughout this period Ainu became increasingly dependent on goods imported by Japanese, and suffered from epidemic diseases such as smallpox.

Ainu and marginalized
In the Far East, Africa and South America, regional languages have been or are being coercively replaced or marginalized by the language of a dominant culture Tibetan and minority Chinese dialects by Mandarin Chinese, Ainu by Japanese, Quechua by Spanish, and so on.

Ainu and on
In 1899, the Japanese government passed an act labeling the Ainu as former aborigines, with the idea they would assimilate this resulted in the land the Ainu people lived on being taken by the Japanese government, and was from then on under Japanese control.
In addition to this, the land the Ainu lived on was distributed to the Wajin who had decided to move to Hokkaido, who had been encouraged by the Japanese government of the Meiji era to take advantage of the island ’ s abundance of natural resources, and to create and maintain farms in the model of western industrial agriculture.
A total of 83 North Kuril Ainu arrived in Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky on September 18, 1877 after they decided to remain under Russian rule.
In 1953, K. Omelchenko, the minister for the protection of military and state secrets in USSR banned the press from publishing any more information on the Ainu living in the USSR.
The Nakamura clan ( South Kuril Ainu on their paternal side ) are the smallest and numbers just 6 people residing in Petropavlovsk.
Omoto has also shown that the Ainu are Mongoloid, and not Caucasoid, on the basis of fingerprints and dental morphology.
As a result of this the study of the Ainu language is limited and is based largely on historical research.
The Kojiki and Ainu folklore also describes a flat earth cosmography where the earth is " floating " on water.
It should be noted that Japan has a small number of minorities such as Ryūkyū peoples, Koreans and Chinese, and on the northern island of Hokkaidō, the indigenous Ainu minority.
*, literally " Old Shinto ", is a reconstructed " Shinto from before the time of Buddhism ", today based on Ainu religion and Ryukyuan practices.
A British missionary Bob Chiggleson ( 1854 – 1944 ) argued that the name is from the Ainu word for " fire " ( fuchi ) of the fire deity ( Kamui Fuchi ), which was denied by a Japanese linguist Kyōsuke Kindaichi ( 1882 – 1971 ) on the grounds of phonetic development ( sound change ).
Research on the distribution of place names that include fuji as a part also suggest the origin of the word fuji is in the Yamato language rather than Ainu.
** Kamuy in Ainu mythology, who built the world on the back of a trout
Among the indigenous people of Sakhalin are the Ainu on the southern half, the Oroks in the central region, and the Nivkhs on the northern part.
By the mid-18th century, Qing officials had registered 56 surname groups ; of these, Qing sources note that six clans and 148 households were those of Ainu and Nivkh who came under the Qing administrative umbrella on Sakhalin.
The Minaro in Ladakh use A. napellus on their arrows to hunt ibex, while the Ainu in Japan used a species of Aconitum to hunt bear.
Ainu ( Ainu:, Aynu itak ; Japanese: Ainu-go ) is one of the Ainu languages, spoken by members of the Ainu ethnic group on the northern Japanese island of Hokkaidō.

Ainu and their
This is due to confusion over mixed heritages and to ethnic issues in Japan resulting in those with Ainu backgrounds hiding their identities.
As a result, many Ainu are indistinguishable from their Japanese neighbors, but some Ainu-Japanese are interested in traditional Ainu culture.
In the 2010 Census of Russia, close to 100 people tried to register themselves as ethnic Ainu in the village, but the governing council of Kamchatka Krai rejected their claim and enrolled them as ethnic Kamchadal.
Full-blooded Ainu are lighter skinned than their Japanese neighbors and have more body hair.
Mark J. Hudson Professor of Anthropology at Nishikyushu University, Kanzaki, Saga, Japan, said Japan was settled by a " Proto-Mongoloid " population in the Pleistocene who became the Jōmon and their features can be seen in the Ainu and Okinawan people.
According to the Russian Empire Census of 1897, 1446 persons in the Russian Empire reported Ainu language as their mother tongue, 1434 of them in Sakhalin Island.
As a result, large number of Ainu changed their surnames to Slavic ones.
However, they are either numerically insignificant ( Ainu ), their difference is not as pronounced ( though Ryukyuan culture is closely related to Japanese culture, it is nonetheless distinctive in that it historically received much more influence from China and has separate political and nonpolitical and religious traditions ) or well assimilated ( Zainichi population is collapsing due to assimilation / naturalisation ).
Historically, many peoples who had interactions with the ancestors of the Ainu called them and their islands Kuyi, Kuye, Qoy, or some similar name, which may have some connection to the early modern form Kai.
However, the Ainu people did have a name for all of their domain, which included Hokkaido along with the Kuril Islands, Sakhalin, and parts of northern Honshu, which was Ainu Mosir (), a name taken by the modern Ainu to refer to their traditional homeland.

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