* Special Administrative Section, a French army civil-military cooperation unit in the Algerian War

* March 20 – The French newspaper L ' Express reveals that the French army tortures Algerian prisoners.

* Defectors from the French army to the ALN, a faction within the Algerian army

The Algerian military élite has played a dominating role in Algerian politics ever since independence in 1962, when the army emerged as the only effective powerbroker in a shattered political landscape dominated by weak and competing political factions.

Under Col. Houari Boumediène ( 1965 – 1979 ) state and army leadership was joined under his dominant and highly authoritarian presidency, but after his death, factionalization and rivalries within the military and political élites has been a major factor in Algerian politics.

After being structured as a politicized " people's army " in the Boumédiène era, and retaining its allegiance to the FLN during the single-party years of Algerian history, the military forces were formally depoliticized in 1988, as a multi-party system was introduced.

The French army finally obtained a military victory in the war, but the situation had changed, and Algerian independence could no longer be forestalled.

The French army resumed an important role in local Algerian administration through the Special Administration Section ( Section Administrative Spécialisée, SAS ), created in 1955.

His depictions of Algerian battles, such as the Capture of the Smahla and the Capture of Constantine, were well-received, as they were vivid depictions of the French army in the heat of battle.

These units were later to emerge under the leadership of army commander Col. Houari Boumédiène as a powerful opposition to the political cadres of the FLN's exile government, the GPRA, and they eventually came to dominate Algerian politics.

In balancing factions within the Algerian government, notably the FLN army, the former guerrillas and the state bureaucracy, his rule became increasingly autocratic.

From left to right: Flag of Algerian pirates ; Flag given to Osman I by the Seljuk sultan Mesud II ( 1289 ); Ottoman naval flag ( 16th c .); Ottoman army flag ( 16th c .); Ottoman army flag ( 17th c .)

in King Rat in a role originally meant for Frank Sinatra, and as an Algerian paratrooper captured at Dien Bien Phu, who leaves the French army to become a leader of the FLN in Lost Command.

In 1962 he resigned from the army reserve with the rank of Colonel in protest against Charles de Gaulle's Algerian policy.

Her parents were mountain peasants from Chekfa, Jijel Province, and she fled with her family to the city of Annaba, after her parental home was bombed by the French army during the Algerian War of Independence ( 1954 – 1962 ).

After being conscripted into the army during the Algerian war of independence, Virilio studied phenomenology with Maurice Merleau-Ponty at the Sorbonne.

The province houses army and airforce bases for the Algerian military, and is strategically important due to its proximity to the Moroccan border, and its location at a four-country border crossing.

His studies were interrupted when he was conscripted into the army, in which he served for 28 months ( longer than usual because of the Algerian War ).

The French army applied Trinquier's tactics during the Algerian War.

" The New York Times confirms that " the electricity had been cut in the town before the assault and the attack occurred close to an army barracks " ( Roger Cohen, " Despite freeing of a militant, no letup in Algerian strife ", The New York Times, 2 August 1997, as cited by Algeria-Watch ).

Algeria sent its troops into the territory of Western Sahara to help in the logistic of the evacuation of the Sahrawi refugees who have been bombarded by Moroccan air forces, which led to the first and last direct military confrontation between units of the Moroccan armed forces and the Algerian national army in the First Battle of Amgala ( 1976 ).

Modern Algerian literature, split between Arabic, Kabyle and French, has been strongly influenced by the country's recent history.

Algerian culture has been strongly influenced by Islam, the main religion.

Sartre, who stated in his preface to Frantz Fanon's The Wretched of the Earth that, “ To shoot down a European is to kill two birds with one stone, to destroy an oppressor and the man he oppresses at the same time: there remains a dead man and a free man ”, has been criticized by Anderson and Michael Walzer for supporting the killing of European civilians by the FLN during the Algerian War.

Article 16, allowing the president a limited form of rule by decree for a limited period of time in exceptional circumstance, has been used only once, by Charles de Gaulle during the Algerian War, from 23 April to 29 September 1961.

Jacques Vergès ( born 5 March 1925 ) is a French-Vietnamese lawyer who has earned fame continually since the 1950s, first as an anticolonialist communist figure and then for defending a long string of well-known clients from anticolonialist Algerian militant Djamila Bouhired ( his future wife ) in 1957-1962 to former Khmer Rouge head of state Khieu Samphan ( 2008 ).

His music has many influences, such as punk, rock, French chanson, Iberoamerican salsa, reggae, ska, and Algerian raï.

On the other hand, the Oran massacre of 1962 by the FLN has also not yet been recognized by the Algerian state.

But the geonic practice of not reciting the Kol Nidre was long prevalent ; it has never been adopted in the Catalonian or in the Algerian ritual.

The region's art music has for centuries followed the outline of Arabic and Andalusian classical music: its popular contemporary genres include the Algerian Raï.

Article 16 rule has only been exercised once, in 1961, during a crisis related to the Algerian War in which Charles de Gaulle needed those emergency powers to foil a military plot to take over the government.

The President of France may rule by decree in national emergencies, subject to constitutional and other legal limitations, but this power has been used only once, by Charles de Gaulle in 1961 during the Algerian War.

Algerian music is virtually synonymous with raï among foreigners ; the musical genre has achieved great popularity in France, Spain and other parts of Europe.

Though there has only been one case, that of Ahmed Ressam an Algerian citizen who was in Canada illegally.

He has recently alleged that if the Algerian population has decreased by 875, 000 people between 1830 and 1872, the French military were not responsible for all of them, as a fraction of these deaths could be explained by the grasshopper invasions of 1866 and 1868, as well as by a rigorous winter in 1867 – 68, which caused a famine followed by an epidemic of cholera.

However, Ben Badis responded that he, too, had looked to the past and found " that this Algerian nation is not France, cannot be France, and does not want to be France … has its culture, its traditions and its characteristics, good or bad, like every other nation of the earth.

‘ The operation was run by Colonel Souames Mahmoud, alias Habib, head of the secret service at the Algerian embassy in Paris .’ According to Ahmed's theories, ' Joseph's testimony has been corroborated by numerous defectors from the Algerian secret services.

Morrade Hakkar ( born January 19, 1972 in Besançon, France ) is a French middleweight boxer of Algerian descent who has held a number of regional championship belts during his 11-year professional career.

Since 23 March 2007, the Algerian military has conducted extensive searches in the Kabylie region in search of members of the Al-Qaeda Organization in the Islamic Maghreb ( QOIM ).

The murder has, unsurprisingly, been subject to significant controversy and a major magnet for Algerian conspiracy theories, with many suggesting that Boudiaf was in fact assassinated by the military establishment responsible for the coup ( and for his installment as HCE chairman ).

Today Algeria contains, in its literary landscape, big names having not only marked the Algerian literature, but also the universal literary heritage in Arabic and French.

The Algerian pastry also contains Tunisian or French cakes and it is marketed.

The Second Barbary War ( 1815, also known as the Algerine or Algerian War ) was the second of two wars fought between the United States of America, England, and The Netherlands loosely allied against the Ottoman Empire's North African regencies of Algiers, Tripoli, and Tunis, known collectively as the Barbary States.

The Philippine and Algerian teams also left the Games, as did some members of the Dutch and Norwegian teams.

Just a year later, UNHCR was tasked with dealing with Chinese refugees in Hong Kong, while also responding Algerian refugees who had fled to Morocco and Tunisia in the wake of Algeria's war for independence.

Used by the Algerian government, this figure is the most widely quoted by NGOs and is also used by the UNHCR and the World Food Programme to raise funds for food aid to the refugees.

While Spanish and Algerian wines are also known to have been used for this purpose, top Bordeaux châteaux would use Hermitage to improve their wines, especially in weaker vintages.

It also gets a royalty rate of 5 per cent on the Algerian gas that runs through Tunis to Sicily through the Trans-Mediterranean gas pipeline.

On 31 January 1830, the Polignac government decided to send a military expedition to Algeria to put an end to the threat the Algerian pirates posed to Mediterranean trade and also increase the government's popularity by a victory.

Examples employing other stitches are also known, such as cross-stitch, Italian cross-stitch and Algerian plait stitch.

The conflict was also a civil war between loyalist Algerians who believed in a French Algeria and their insurrectionist Algerian Muslim counterparts.

France also sent air force and naval units to the Algerian theater, including helicopters.

For this reason they are sometimes known as seedless tangerines ; the clementine is also occasionally referred to as the Algerian tangerine.

He also served as Ambassador to Ghana for the Provisional Algerian Government ( GPRA ) and attended conferences in Accra, Conakry, Addis Ababa, Leopoldville, Cairo and Tripoli.

After the independence of Algeria, President Ahmed Ben Bella also deprived the Algerian ulama of their power.

Algerian Berber corsairs also used three-lateen-sail xebecs in their raids on Mediterranean trade.

Ahmed Ressam (; also Benni Noris or the Millennium Bomber ; born, in Bou Ismaïl, Algeria ) is an Algerian al-Qaeda member who lived in Montreal, Canada.

He testified in July 2001 against his accomplice and co-conspirator Haouari, and Ressam's testimony was also used by the Guantanamo Bay Combatant Status Review Tribunal to decide that friends of his, such as fellow Algerian Ahcene Zemiri, should continue to be held as unlawful combatants.

Former Algerian ambassador to the U. S. Abdulkarim Ghuraib also participated in the negotiations.

Algerian rai also found a large French audience, especially Khaled.

The infamous " death flights ", theorized in Argentina by Luis María Mendía — and also used during the Algerian War ( 1954 – 1962 ) by French forces — were widely used, in order to make the corpses, and therefore evidence, disappear.

The Second Barbary War ( 1815 ), also known as the Algerine or Algerian War, was the second of two wars fought between the United States and the Ottoman Empire's North African regencies of Tripoli, Tunis, and Algeria known collectively as the Barbary states.

*-( a ) n ( countries / continents: Africa → African, Albania → Albanian, Algeria → Algerian, America → American, Andorra → Andorran, Angola → Angolan, Antigua → Antiguan, Armenia → Armenian, Asia → Asian, Australia → Australian, Austria → Austrian, Barbados → Bajan, Bolivia → Bolivian, Bosnia → Bosnian, Brunei → Bruneian, Bulgaria → Bulgarian, Cambodia → Cambodian, Chile → Chilean, Colombia → Colombian, Costa Rica → Costa Rican, Croatia → Croatian ( also " Croat "), Cuba → Cuban, Dalmatia → Dalmatian, El Salvador → Salvadoran, Eritrea → Eritrean, Estonia → Estonian, Ethiopia → Ethiopian, Europe → European, Equestria → Equestrian, Fiji → Fijian, Gambia → Gambian, Georgia → Georgian, Germany → German, Guatemala → Guatemalan, Guinea → Guinean, Haiti → Haitian, Honduras → Honduran, Hungary → Hungarian, India → Indian, Indonesia → Indonesian, Italy → Italian, Jamaica → Jamaican, Kenya → Kenyan, / South Korea → / South Korean, Latvia → Latvian, Liberia → Liberian, Libya → Libyan, Lithuania → Lithuanian, Macedonia → Macedonian, Malawi → Malawian, Malaysia → Malaysian, Mali → Malian, Mauritania → Mauritanian, Mauritius → Mauritian, Mexico → Mexican, Micronesia → Micronesian, Moldova → Moldovan, Mongolia → Mongolian, Morocco → Moroccan, Mozambique → Mozambican, Namibia → Namibian, Nauru → Nauruan, Nicaragua → Nicaraguan, Nigeria → Nigerian, Palau → Palauan, Paraguay → Paraguayan, Puerto Rico → Puerto Rican, Romania → Romanian, Russia → Russian, Saint Lucia → Saint Lucian, Samoa → Samoan, Saudi Arabia → Saudi Arabian, Serbia → Serbian ( also " Serb "), Singapore → Singaporean, Slovakia → Slovakian, Slovenia → Slovenian ( also " Slovene "), South Africa → South African, Sri Lanka → Sri Lankan, Syria → Syrian, Tanzania → Tanzanian, Tonga → Tongan, Tunisia → Tunisian, Tuvalu → Tuvaluan, Uganda → Ugandan, United States of America → American, Uruguay → Uruguayan, Venezuela → Venezuelan, Zambia → Zambian, Zimbabwe → Zimbabwean ; cities / states: Alaska → Alaskan, Alexandria → Alexandrian, Andalusia → Andalusian, Arizona → Arizonan, Atlanta → Atlantan, Baltimore → Baltimorean, Bavaria → Bavarian, Bohemia → Bohemian, California → Californian, Catalonia → Catalan, Chicago → Chicagoan, Cincinnati → Cincinnatian, Corsica → Corsican, Crete → Cretan, El Paso → El Pasoan, Galicia → Galician, Hanoi ( Vietnam ) → Hanoian, Hawaii → Hawaiian, Iowa → Iowan, Karelia → Karelian, Kiev → Kievan, Madeira → Madeiran, Miami → Miamian, Minneapolis → Minneapolitan, Minnesota → Minnesotan, Moravia → Moravian, Nebraska → Nebraskan, Nova Scotia → Nova Scotian, Ottawa → Ottawan, Pennsylvania → Pennsylvanian, Philadelphia → Philadelphian, Pomerania → Pomeranian, Regina → Reginan, Riga → Rigan, Rome → Roman, San Antonio → San Antonian, San Diego → San Diegan, San Francisco → San Franciscan, San Jose → San Josean, Sardinia → Sardinian, Silesia → Silesian, Sicily → Sicilian, Sofia → Sofian, Sumatra → Sumatran, Tahiti → Tahitian, Tasmania → Tasmanian, Transylvania → Transylvanian, Tucson → Tucsonan, Tulsa → Tulsan, Utah → Utahn, Victoria → Victorian, Wallachia → Wallachian )