Salish is most commonly written using the Americanist phonetic notation to account for the various vowels and consonants that do not exist in most modern alphabets.

It is used in Americanist phonetic notation as a diacritic to indicate various types of pronunciation.

* Americanist Phonetic Alphabet, now known as the Americanist phonetic notation

In the International Phonetic Alphabet this sound is denoted with, but the lowercase š is used in the Americanist phonetic notation, as well as in the Uralic Phonetic Alphabet.

* An underdot represents a voiceless uvular fricative in Americanist phonetic notation.

/ Č / is also used in Americanist phonetic notation.

The equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is < tt > j </ tt >, or equivalently, < tt > i_ ^</ tt >, and in the Americanist phonetic notation it is ⟨ y ⟩.

An alternative symbol is ⟨ š ⟩, an s with háček, which is used in the Americanist phonetic notation and the Uralic Phonetic Alphabet, as well as in the scientific and ISO 9 transliterations of Cyrillic.

The sound is represented by ⟨⟩ ( ex with underdot ) in Americanist phonetic notation.

* Americanist phonetic notation ( where it may also represent a uvular nasal )

In the International Phonetic Alphabet this sound is denoted with, but the lowercase ž is used in the Americanist phonetic notation, as well as in the Uralic Phonetic Alphabet.

* Americanist phonetic notation — either or.

Americanist phonetic notation ( variously called American Phonetic Alphabet, or APA ) is a system of phonetic notation originally developed by European and American anthropologists and language scientists ( students of Neo-grammarians ) for the phonetic and phonemic transcription of Native American and European languages.

Unlike the IPA, Americanist phonetic notation does not require a strict harmony among character styles: letters from the Greek and Roman alphabets are used side-by-side.

The Americanist linguists were interested in a phonetic notation that could be easily created from typefaces of existing orthographies.

# REDIRECT Americanist phonetic notation

# REDIRECT Americanist phonetic notation

# REDIRECT Americanist phonetic notation

# REDIRECT Americanist phonetic notation

The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet is ⟨⟩ ( often simplified to ⟨⟩), and in Americanist phonetic notation it is ⟨ ƛ ⟩ ( lambda bar ).

The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨⟩ ( or ⟨⟩), and in Americanist phonetic notation it is ⟨ ƛ ’⟩ ( lambda bar ).

The Americanist heresy is characterized as an insistence upon individual initiative which the Vatican judged to be incompatible with what was considered to be a fundamental principle of Catholicism: obedience to authority.

On individual liberty, the letter showed a fear that Americanist ideas of individualism would be hostile to the Catholic faith.

Pope Leo XIII, who had established working relationships with both the French and German secular statesmen issued the bull Testem Benevolentiae against the Americanist heresy, a specifically European problem wherein the attempt was made to apply democratic concepts and American models of church-state relations to Catholic Church governance in Europe.

Hin-mah-too-yah-lat-kekt, Hinmatóowyalahtq ̓ it in Americanist orthography, popularly known as Chief Joseph, or Young Joseph ( March 3, 1840 – September 21, 1904 ) succeeded his father Tuekakas ( Chief Joseph the Elder ) as the leader of the Wal-lam-wat-kain ( Wallowa ) band of Nez Perce, a Native American tribe indigenous to the Wallowa Valley in what is today the State of Oregon in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States.

He was also an enthusiastic Americanist and wrote the ground-breaking " American Literature: An Historical Review, 1620 – 1880 " ( 1882 ).

* Lewis, George E. “ Americanist Musicology and Nomadic Noise .” Journal of the American Musicological Society, Vol.

* Gareth Williams ( Latin Americanist ), Latin Americanist, member of Latin American subaltern studies group

The school nurtured at that time a strong Christian Americanist vision of the world, tying American patriotism and political conservatism to conservative Christian faith.

Many powerful Vatican authorities also detested the " Americanist " tendency, and whilst Pope Leo XIII was reluctant to chastise the American Catholics, whom he had often praised for their loyalty and faith, he eventually made concessions to the pressures upon him.

American Catholics claim that Leo's pronouncements effectively ended the Americanist movement and curtailed the activities of American progressive Catholics.

Sauer graduated many doctoral students, the majority completing dissertations on Latin American and Caribbean topics and thereby founding the Berkeley School of Latin Americanist Geography.

* International Debt Crisis – curriculum materials from a Latin Americanist geographer

It is often useful to compare the Americanist tradition with another widespread tradition, International Phonetic Alphabet ( IPA ).

Hymes was influenced by a number of linguists and anthropologists, notably Franz Boas, Edward Sapir and Harry Hoijer of the Americanist Tradition and Roman Jakobson and others of the Prague Linguistic Circle.

By 1999, Fish's wife, Americanist Jane Tompkins, had " practically quit teaching " at Duke and " worked as a cook at a local health food restaurant.

In other phonetic transcription systems, such as the Americanist system, the affricates,,,,, are represented as or ;,, or ( older ) ; or ;,, or ( older ) ; ; and or respectively.

Browne was a successful advertising and sales executive in the 1960s, but he gave it up to devote full-time to the “ Americanist ” cause.

It sold “ Americanist ” features, in competition with all the recognized syndicates.

Yearbook of the Conference of Latin Americanist Geographers.

Arbus's father became a painter after retiring from Russek's ; her younger sister would become a sculptor and designer ; and her older brother, Howard Nemerov, would later become United States Poet Laureate, and the father of the Americanist art historian Alexander Nemerov.

* Cline, Howard F., 1947: The Apocryphal Early Career of J. F. de Waldeck, Pioneer Americanist.

Americanist Paul E. Johnson recalls the heady early promise of the movement in the late 1960s:

This is sometimes labeled the Americanist phonetic alphabet, but this is misleading because it has always been widely used for languages outside the Americas.

Close vowels are often referred to as high vowels, as in the Americanist phonetic tradition, because the tongue is positioned high in the mouth during the articulation of a close vowel.

*" Spacetime Geometries: Time Travel and the Modern Geometrical Narrative ," by George E. Slusser & Danièle Chatelain, in The Buffalo Americanist Digest 3: 1 ( Fall 1995 ).

*" Spacetime Geometries: Time Travel and the Modern Geometrical Narrative ," by George E. Slusser & Daniele Chatelain, in The Buffalo Americanist Digest 3: 1 ( Fall 1995 ).