By the end of the 14th century, most of Anatolia was controlled by various Anatolian beyliks.

** Anatolian beyliks

# REDIRECT Anatolian beyliks

* Anatolian beyliks

However, just twelve years later, Tamerlane and his forces defeated the Ottomans in the Battle of Ankara, and returned control of the region to its former rulers, the Menteşe Beys, as he did for other Anatolian beyliks.

Despite being heavily outnumbered, the Ottoman army was further weakened by the desertion of the Tatars and the Sipahis from the Anatolian beyliks, who left Bayezids ' side and joined Timur's forces.

Immediately after the establishment of the Anatolian beyliks, some Turkic principalities united with the Ottomans against the Byzantine Empire.

Over the years the Empire became an amalgamation of pre-existing polities, the Anatolian beyliks, brought under the sway of the ruling House of Osman.

The Ottoman Empire over the years became an amalgamation of pre-existing polities, the Anatolian beyliks, brought under the sway of the ruling House of Osman.

The Karamanids or Karamanid dynasty ( Modern Turkish: Karamanoğulları, Karamanoğulları Beyliği ), also known as the Principality of Karaman and Beylik of Karaman ( Karaman Beyliği ), was one of the Anatolian beyliks, centered in south-central Anatolia, around the present-day Karaman Province.

It was an opportunity not only for Karamanoğlu, but also for all of the Anatolian beyliks.

In medieval times, this star was also an Islamic symbol known as the Seal of Solomon ( Suleiman ) and was also extremely popular amongst the Anatolian beyliks.

Category: Anatolian beyliks

Murad's successor, the aggressive Beyazid I launched an assault in 1391 on Kastamonu as part of an effort to control the Anatolian beyliks.

After his conquest of Constantinople in 1453, the Ottoman sultan Mehmed II turned to Anatolia to unite the Anatolian beyliks / principalities under his rule.

Category: Anatolian beyliks

Anatolian beyliks, or Turkmen beyliks (, Ottoman Turkish: Tevâif-i mülûk, Beylik ) were small Turkish principalities governed by Beys, which were founded across Anatolia at the end of the 11th century in a first period, and more extensively during the decline of the Seljuq Sultanate of Rûm during the second half of the 13th century.

Many of the former Anatolian beyliks became the basis for administrative subdivisions in the Ottoman Empire.

It was then incorporated into one of the Anatolian beyliks following the defeat of the Georgian Kingdom at the siege of Posof in 1080.

The İsabey Mosque (), constructed in 1374-1375, is one of the oldest and most impressive works of architectural art remaining from the Anatolian beyliks.

* Anatolian beyliks

Anatolian beyliks followed until 1534, when the Ottoman army captured the city.

Category: Anatolian beyliks

Unlike the Semitic Akkadians and their descendant Assyrians, whose Anatolian possessions were peripheral to their core lands in Mesopotamia, the Hittites were centred at Hattusa in north-central Anatolia by 2000 BC.

Following the Greco-Turkish War of 1919-1922, all remaining ethnic Anatolian Greeks were forced out during the 1923 population exchange between Greece and Turkey.

Military fiefs, governed by Seljuq princes, were established to provide support for the soldiery and to accommodate the nomadic Turks to the established Anatolian agricultural scene.

A distinctive Neolithic culture amalgamating Anatolian and mainland Greek elements arose in the western Aegean before 4000 BCE, based on emmer wheat and wild-type barley, sheep and goats, pigs, and tuna that were apparently speared from small boats ( Rutter ).

In the northern Syrian, eastern Anatolian region of the Levant, Natufian culture at Cayonu and Mureybet developed the first fully agricultural culture with the addition of wild grains, later being supplemented with domesticated sheep and goats, which were probably domesticated first by the Zarzian culture of Northern Iraq and Iran ( which like the Natufian culture may have also developed from Kebaran ).

The Hittites were an ancient Anatolian people who established an empire at Hattusa in north-central Anatolia around the 18th century BC, which reached its height during the mid-14th century BC under Suppiluliuma I, encommpassing an area that included most of Asia Minor as well as parts of the northern Levant and Upper Mesopotamia.

The clashes there were short-lived as the Ottoman forces withdrew to the Anatolian mainland, so that the island was securely in Greek hands by 16 March.

However, recent decipherment of Lydian and its classification as an Anatolian language mean that Etruscan and Lydian were possibly not even in the same language family.

His other remains were carried to Bursa, his Anatolian capital city, and were buried in a tomb at the complex built in his name.

The Anatolian states that had been constantly plotting against him — Aydinids, Germiyanids, Menteshe and Teke — were annexed and henceforth became part of the Ottoman Empire.

The initial guesses were based on visual, external resemblances of the Turkic runiform letters with the Gothic runes or with Greek, Etruscan and Anatolian letters, suggesting an Indo-European Alphabet resembling Semitic Phoenician, Gothic, Phoenician-based Greek, etc.

His parents were of non-Gothic Anatolian origin but had been enslaved by Goths on horseback.

Within months, the land laws of Basil II were dropped under pressure from the Anatolian aristocracy ( the dynatoi ), although Constantine struck at the nobility when threatened by conspiracy.

In ancient times the surrounding districts were, from west to east, Caria, Pisidia, and Pamphylia, all equally as ancient, and each speaking its own Anatolian language.

During the 1st century BC, there were pirate states along the Anatolian coast, threatening the commerce of the Roman Empire in the eastern Mediterranean.

The Khabur Valley had a central position in the metal trade, and copper, silver and even tin were accessible from the Hurrian-dominated countries Kizzuwatna and Ishuwa situated in the Anatolian highland.

The Phoenician adaptation of the alphabet was extremely successful, and variants were adapted around the Mediterranean from about the 9th century BC, notably giving rise to the Greek, Old Italic, Anatolian and Paleohispanic scripts.

They were described by Herodotos as being of Minoan descent, while the Carians themselves maintained that they were Anatolian mainlanders intensely engaged in seafaring and were akin to the Mysians and the Lydians.

From around the 6th century BCE, cults to the Anatolian mother-goddess were introduced from Phrygia into the ethnically Greek colonies of western Anatolia, mainland Greece, the Aegean islands and the westerly colonies of Magna Graecia.

The Anatolian languages are a family of extinct Indo-European languages that were spoken in Asia Minor ( ancient Anatolia ), the best attested of them being the Hittite language.