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Antarctic and is
The equivalent polar circle in the Southern Hemisphere is called the Antarctic Circle.
The Antarctic continent, located in the Earth's southern hemisphere, is centered asymmetrically around the South Pole and largely south of the Antarctic Circle.
It is surrounded by the southern waters of the World Ocean – alternatively ( depending on source ), it is washed by the Southern ( or Antarctic ) Ocean or the southern Pacific, Atlantic, and Indian Oceans.
Some 98 % of Antarctica is covered by the Antarctic ice sheet, the world's largest ice sheet and also its largest reservoir of fresh water.
Western Antarctica is covered by the West Antarctic Ice Sheet.
Pictured here is the Antarctic toothfish, a sister species.
Antarctic airports are subject to severe restrictions and limitations resulting from extreme seasonal and geographic conditions ; they do not meet ICAO standards, and advance approval from the respective governmental or nongovernmental operating organization is required for landing ( 1999 est.
The Antarctic Circumpolar Current ( ACC ) is the strongest current system in the world oceans, linking the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific basins.
The Antarctic Circumpolar Current ( ACC ) is an ocean current that flows clockwise from west to east around Antarctica.
Associated with the Circumpolar Current is the Antarctic Convergence where the cold Antarctic waters meet the warmer waters of the subantarctic, creating a zone of upwelling nutrients.
To trace it starting arbitrarily at South America, it flows through the Drake Passage between South America and the Antarctic Peninsula and then is split by the Scotia Arc to the east, with a shallow warm branch flowing to the north in the Falkland Current and a deeper branch passing through the Arc more to the east before also turning to the north.
Still further south lies the Polar front, which is marked by a transition to very cold, relatively fresh, Antarctic Surface Water at the surface.
Further south still is the Southern Antarctic Circumpolar Current Front ( SACCF ), which is determined as the southernmost extent of Circumpolar Deep Water ( temperature of about 2 ° C at 400m ).
Evidence of this is the Antarctic Circumpolar Wave, a periodic oscillation that affects the climate of much of the southern hemisphere.
There is also the Antarctic oscillation, which involves changes in the location and strength of Antarctic winds.
Published estimates of the onset of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current vary, but it is commonly considered to have started at the Eocene / Oligocene boundary.
The timing of the opening of the Drake Passage, between South America and the Antarctic Peninsula, is more disputed ; tectonic and sediment evidence show that it could have been open as early as pre 34 Ma, estimates of the opening of the Drake passage are between 20 and 40 Ma.
Antarctic sea ice cycles seasonally, in February – March the amount of sea ice is lowest, and in August – September the sea ice is at its greatest extent.
Studies of phytoplankton stocks in the southern sea have shown that the Antarctic Circumpolar Current is dominated by diatoms, while the Weddell Sea has abundant coccolithophorids and silicoflagellates.

Antarctic and polar
The second letter describes the thermal characteristic of its source region: T for tropical, P for polar, A for Arctic or Antarctic, M for monsoon, E for equatorial, and S for superior air ( dry air formed by significant downward motion in the atmosphere ).
Both greenhouse theory and computer models predict that global warming should be more rapid in the polar regions than anywhere else ," he says, " but in July the Antarctic experienced the coldest weather on record.
Within this polar vortex, over 50 % of the lower stratospheric ozone is destroyed during the Antarctic spring.
During the Antarctic winter and spring, however, reactions on the surface of the polar stratospheric cloud particles convert these " reservoir " compounds into reactive free radicals ( Cl and ClO ).
** Polar region, the region within the polar circles, referred to as the Arctic and Antarctic
In the Southern Hemisphere, all of Tierra del Fuego lies outside the polar region in Nordenskiöld's system, but part of the island ( including Ushuaia, Argentina ) is reckoned as being within the Antarctic under Köppen's.
Sir Ernest Henry Shackleton, CVO, OBE, FRGS ( 15 February 1874 – 5 January 1922 ) was an Anglo-Irish polar explorer, one of the principal figures of the period known as the Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration.
* Pertaining to the Polar region, region within the polar circles, referred to as the Arctic and Antarctic
... magnetic, auroral and meteorological observations at a network of stations in the Arctic and Antarctic would materially advance present knowledge and understanding ( of these phenomena ) not only within polar regions but in general ...
Belgian polar explorer Alain Hubert stated that " This base will be the first of its kind to produce zero emissions, making it a unique model of how energy should be used in the Antarctic ," Johan Berte is the leader of the station design team and manager of the project ( which will conduct research in climatology, glaciology and microbiology ), and the project unified scientists from 63 nations in 228 studies.
The community got its name from the Little America motel which was purposefully located in a remote location as a haven, not unlike the base camp the polar explorer Richard E. Byrd set up in the Antarctic in 1928.
A polar circle is either the Arctic Circle or the Antarctic Circle.
Locations north of the Arctic Circle and south of the Antarctic Circle experience no sunset or sunrise at least one day of the year, when the polar day or the polar night persist continuously for 24 hours.
Locations north of the Arctic Circle and south of the Antarctic Circle experience no sunset or sunrise at least one day of the year, when the polar day or the polar night persist continuously for 24 hours.
* In Antarctic Navigation by Elizabeth Arthur, the novel's main character first works at McMurdo Station at a menial job, then later returns there in a very different role, leading a polar expedition to retrace the steps of Robert Scott.
* A polar area that is divided into Arctic and Antarctic.
The most important areas of pack ice are the polar ice packs formed from seawater in the Earth's polar regions: the Arctic ice pack of the Arctic Ocean and the Antarctic ice pack of the Southern Ocean.
This degree qualified him for employment in the Naval Medical Service: he joined renowned polar explorer Captain James Clark Ross's Antarctic expedition to the South Magnetic Pole after receiving a commission as Assistant-Surgeon on HMS Erebus.
The ceiling represents the north polar regions, England is in the gallery, the tropics in the upper circle, Australia on the dress circle and the Antarctic in the pit.
Sparrman published several works, the best known of which is his account of his travels in South Africa and with Cook, published in English as A voyage to the Cape of Good Hope, towards the Antarctic polar circle, and round the world: But chiefly into the country of the Hottentots and Caffres, from the year 1772 to 1776 ( 1789 ).

Antarctic and region
This time the team used the expedition to raise awareness about the global environmental importance of the Antarctic region and to show that biofuel can be a viable and environmentally friendly option.
The Antarctic Treaty System's yearly Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meetings ( ATCM ) are the international forum for the administration and management of the region.
The maritime part of the region constitutes the area of application of the international Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources ( CCAMLR ), where for technical reasons the Convention uses an approximation of the Convergence line by means of a line joining specified points along parallels of latitude and meridians of longitude.
Most of the Antarctic region is situated south of 60 ° S latitude parallel, and is governed in accordance with the international legal regime of the Antarctic Treaty System.
Kerguelen Islands ( France ; also an EU Overseas territory ) are situated in the Antarctic Convergence area, while the Falkland Islands, Isla de los Estados, Hornos Island with Cape Horn, Diego Ramírez Islands, Campbell Island, Macquarie Island, Amsterdam and Saint Paul Islands, Crozet Islands, Prince Edward Islands, and Gough Island and Tristan da Cunha group remain north of the Convergence and thus outside the Antarctic region.
The Antarctic region had no indigenous population when first discovered, and its present inhabitants comprise a few thousand transient scientific and other personnel working on tours of duty at the several dozen research stations maintained by various countries.
However, the region is visited by more than 40, 000 tourists annually, the most popular destinations being the Antarctic Peninsula area ( especially the South Shetland Islands ) and South Georgia Island.
Category: Antarctic region
Though uninhabited, it is part of the " Scattered Islands " of the French Southern and Antarctic Lands administrative region.
The islands are located from the Isla de los Estados in Argentina ( and from the Argentine mainland ); from Chile ; west of the Shag Rocks ( South Georgia ) and north of the British Antarctic Territory ( which overlaps with the Argentine and Chilean claims to Antarctica in that region ).
The Indian Ocean, not including the Antarctic region.
These were not restricted to Antarctic regions ; on the contrary, subantarctic regions harboured high diversity, and at least one giant penguin occurred in a region not quite 2, 000 km south of the equator 35 mya
From one side the land on the other is visible ; and the cape of this region about 60 miles away, much as if one were sailing eastward through the Straits of Gibraltar or Seville and Barbary or Morocco in Africa, as our Globe shows toward the Antarctic Pole.

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