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Apollo and 16
* 1972 – Apollo program: The launch of Apollo 16 from Cape Canaveral, Florida.
Apollo 16 was the tenth manned mission in the United States Apollo space program, the fifth and penultimate to land on the Moon and the first to land in the lunar highlands.
The decision to target the Apollo 16 lunar landing for the highlands region of the Moon was made to obtain samples of the Descartes Formation and the Cayley Formation.
John Young, a captain in the United States Navy, had flown on three spaceflights prior to Apollo 16: Gemini 3, Gemini 10 and Apollo 10, which orbited the Moon.
One of nineteen astronauts selected by NASA in April 1966, Charles Duke had never flown in space before Apollo 16.
The insignia of Apollo 16 is dominated by rendering of an American eagle and a red, white and blue shield, representing the people of the United States, overlaying a gray background, the lunar surface.
Apollo 16 was slated to be the second of the " J-missions ," an Apollo mission type featuring the use of the Lunar Roving Vehicle ( LRV ), increased scientific capability, and lunar surface stays of three days.
As Apollo 16 was the penultimate mission in the Apollo program and there was no new hardware or procedures to test on the lunar surface, the last two missions ( the other being Apollo 17 ) presented opportunities for astronauts to clear up some uncertainties in understanding the Moon's properties.
They had hoped that scientific output from the Apollo 16 mission would confirm their suspicion.
Location of the Apollo 16 landing site.
Two locations on the Moon were given primary consideration for exploration by the Apollo 16 expedition, the Descartes Highlands region west of Mare Nectaris and the crater Alphonsus.
Geologists feared, however, that samples obtained from the crater might have been contaminated by the Imbrium impact, thus preventing Apollo 16 from obtaining samples of pre-Imbrium material.
It was ultimately decided to target the Apollo 16 mission to the Descartes site.
After selecting the landing site for Apollo 16, sampling the Descartes and Cayley formations, two geologic units of the lunar highlands, were determined by mission planners to be the primary sampling interests of the mission.
In preparation for their mission, the Apollo 16 astronauts participated in an extensive training program that included, among other things, several field geology trips to introduce the astronauts to concepts and techniques they would eventually use on the lunar surface.
In July 1971, the Apollo 16 astronauts visited Greater Sudbury, Ontario, Canada for geology training exercises, the first time U. S. astronauts ever did so.
Apollo 16 launches from the Kennedy Space Center on 16 April 1972.
The launch of Apollo 16 was delayed one month from 17 March to 16 April.

Apollo and command
Kennedy's goal was accomplished on the Apollo 11 mission when astronauts Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin landed their Lunar Module ( LM ) on the Moon on July 20, 1969 and walked on its surface while Michael Collins remained in lunar orbit in the command spacecraft, and all three landed safely on Earth on July 24.
A seventh landing mission, the 1970 Apollo 13 flight, failed in transit to the Moon when an oxygen tank explosion disabled the command spacecraft's propulsion and life support, forcing the crew to use the Lunar Module as a " lifeboat " for these functions to return to Earth safely.
The aircraft carrier USS Ticonderoga delivered the Apollo 16 command module to the North Island Naval Air Station, near San Diego, California on Friday, 5 May 1972.
* U. S. Space & Rocket Center Museum ( location of Apollo 16 command module )
* 1969 – Apollo program: The Apollo 12 command module splashes down safely in the Pacific Ocean, ending the second manned mission to the Moon.
The naming of spacecraft resumed in 1967 after managers found the Apollo flights needed a name for each of two flight elements, the command module and lunar module.
Apollo 9 had the callsigns " Gumdrop " for the command module and " Spider " for the lunar module.
Grissom was backup command pilot for Gemini 6A when he shifted to the Apollo program and was assigned as Command Pilot of the first manned mission AS-204, with Senior Pilot Ed White and Pilot Roger B. Chaffee.
Charred remains of the Apollo 1 Apollo Command / Service Module | command module, in which White was killed along with Gus Grissom and Roger Chaffee
One such usage occurred in 1970, when the square carbon dioxide filters from Apollo 13's failed command module had to be modified to fit round receptacles in the lunar module, which was being used as a lifeboat after an explosion en route to the moon.
The aircraft carrier USS Kitty Hawk ( CV-63 ), the B-2 Spirit stealth bomber AV-19 with an aircraft number of 93-1086, the aircraft transport ship USS Kitty Hawk ( AKV-1 ), and the Apollo 14 command module have been named for the town.
Borman was selected in late 1966 to command the third manned Apollo mission, planned as an elliptical medium Earth orbit test of the second manned Lunar Module ( LM ) on the first manned launch of the Saturn V lunar rocket sometime in 1967 or early 1968.
Apollo avenged her murder by sending a child-killing plague to Argos, which would not cease until the Argives, at the god's command, paid honors to Psamathe and Linus.
He served as backup command module pilot for the Apollo 11 mission, before accepting an assignment with the National Aeronautics and Space Council, while still remaining an astronaut.
His second spaceflight was as the command module pilot for Apollo 11.
Shortly after Gemini 10, Collins was assigned to the backup crew for the second manned Apollo flight, with commander Frank Borman, command module pilot ( CMP ) Thomas Stafford and Collins as lunar module pilot ( LMP ).
It also has real ( though incomplete ) Apollo command and service modules, intended to fly in the canceled Apollo 19 mission.
Initially, Conrad was assigned to command the back-up crew for the first flight of the Saturn V and complete Apollo spacecraft, including the Lunar Module ( LM ) into low Earth orbit, which was initially scheduled as Apollo 8.
The launch was the most harrowing of the Apollo program, as a series of lightning strikes just after liftoff temporarily knocked out power and guidance in the command module.
* Apollo Command / Service Module ( command module is one half )

Apollo and module
Launch of the ascent stage of the Apollo 16 lunar module from the lunar surface.
image: Harrison Schmitt inside LM on surface, Apollo 17. jpg | Schmitt in the lunar module after EVA 3.
* 1971 – Apollo program: Apollo 15 Mission – David Scott and James Irwin on the Apollo Lunar Module module Falcon land on the Moon with the first Lunar Rover.
* 1968 – Apollo 5 lifts off carrying the first Lunar module into space.
* 1969 – Apollo program: NASA launches Apollo 9 to test the lunar module.
* 1969 – Apollo 10's lunar module flies within 8. 4 nautical miles ( 16 km ) of the moon's surface.
The Apollo 17 lunar module that landed on the Moon in 1972 was also named Challenger.
** Apollo program: NASA launches Apollo 9 ( James McDivitt, David Scott, Rusty Schweickart ) to test the lunar module.
* May 22 – Apollo program: Apollo 10s lunar module flies to within 15, 400 m of the Moon's surface.
* July 20 – Apollo program: The lunar module Eagle lands on the lunar surface.

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