A German manuscript page teaching use of Arabic numerals ( Hans Talhoffer | Talhoffer Thott, 1459 ).

" Bayad plays the oud to the lady ", Arabic language | Arabic manuscript for Qissat Bayad wa Reyad tale from late 12th century

He then published the Arabic manuscript in the 1680s.

* Miguel de Cervantes claims that all chapters but the first in Don Quixote are translated from an Arabic manuscript by Cide Hamete Benengeli, parodying a plot device of chivalry books.

Sale could, however, have found the term periclyte transliterated into Arabic in one of the marginal notes to the Italian manuscript.

The pages of the Italian manuscript are framed in an Islamic style, and contain chapter rubrics and margin notes in ungrammatical Arabic ; with an occasional Turkish word, and many Turkish syntactical features.

A minority of students – such as David Sox – are, however, suspicious of the apparent ' Turkish ' features of the Italian manuscript ; especially the Arabic annotations, which they adjudge to be so riddled with elementary errors as to be most unlikely to have been written in Istanbul ( even by an Italian scribe ).

An Arabic manuscript, dated 1200, titled Anatomy of the Eye, authored by al-Mutadibih.

These additional manuscript sources of the Testimonium have furnished additional ways to evaluate Josephus ' mention of Jesus in the Antiquities, principally through a close textual comparison between the Arabic, Syriac and Greek versions to the Testimonium.

Bahá ' u ' lláh had manuscript copies sent to Bahá ' ís in Iran some years after the revelation of the Kitáb-i-Aqdas, and in 1890 – 91 ( 1308 AH, 47 BE ) he arranged for the publication of the original Arabic text of the book in Bombay, India.

The Libro de juegos manuscript was a Castilian translation of Arabic texts, which were themselves translations of Persian manuscripts.

The juxtaposition of chess and dice in Arabic tradition, indicating the opposing values of skill ( chess ) and ignorance ( dice ), was given a different spin in Alfonso ’ s manuscript, however.

The oldest known dated Arabic manuscript on paper in Leiden, ( dated 319 ( 931 AD ))

Translated from an Arabic manuscript in the Bodleian library at Oxford.

Nevertheless, the first direct mention of playing cards was in 1299 in a manuscript written in Siena titled " Trattato del governo della familia di Pipozzo di Sandro ", in which the existence of naibbe is mentioned, which is the first term used for playing cards ( naipes in Spanish ), originating from the Arabic word naib (` deputy ') suggesting the name of the game -` the Game of Deputies '.

Two main Arabic manuscript traditions of the Nights are known: the Syrian and the Egyptian.

This 12-volume book, Les Mille et une nuits, contes arabes traduits en français (" Thousand and one nights, Arab stories translated into French "), included stories that were not in the original Arabic manuscript.

* One of the oldest Arabic manuscript fragments from Syria ( a few handwritten pages ) dating to the early 9th century.

* 1984 – Muhsin Mahdi publishes an Arabic edition which he claims is faithful to the oldest Arabic versions surviving ( primarily based on the Syrian manuscript in the Bibliothèque Nationale in combination with other early manuscripts of the Syrian branch ).

All Arabian fantasy tales were often called " Arabian Nights " when translated into English, regardless of whether they appeared in The Book of One Thousand and One Nights, in any version, and a number of tales are known in Europe as " Arabian Nights " despite existing in no Arabic manuscript.

Arabic manuscript of the One Thousand and One Nights.

The manuscript collection of the University of Tehran includes over 17, 000 volumes of manuscripts in Persian, Arabic and Turkish.

) While Rotokas has a small alphabet because it has few phonemes to represent ( just eleven ), Book Pahlavi was small because many letters had been conflated — that is, the graphic distinctions had been lost over time, and diacritics were not developed to compensate for this as they were in Arabic, another script that lost many of its distinct letter shapes.

The historical order was abandoned in Runic and Arabic, although Arabic retains the traditional " abjadi order " for numbering.

The Phoenician letter names, in which each letter was associated with a word that begins with that sound, continue to be used to varying degrees in Samaritan, Aramaic, Syriac, Hebrew, Greek and Arabic.

" This was borrowed into Arabic as al-tub ( الط ّ وب al " the " + tub " brick ") " brick ," which was assimilated into Old Spanish as adobe, still with the meaning " mud brick.

It is unclear whether the Arabic abjad was derived from Nabatean or Syriac.

Another possibility, raised in an essay by the Swedish fantasy writer and editor Rickard Berghorn, is that the name Alhazred was influenced by references to two historical authors whose names were Latinized as Alhazen: Alhazen ben Josef, who translated Ptolemy into Arabic ; and Abu ' Ali al-Hasan ibn al-Haytham, who wrote about optics, mathematics and physics.

Known to the Iranians by the Pahlavi compound word kah-ruba ( from kah “ straw ” plus rubay “ attract, snatch ,” referring to its electrical properties ), which entered Arabic as kahraba ' or kahraba, it too was called amber in Europe ( Old French and Middle English ambre ).

He was a cultivated patron of literature and art, and it was in his time that the first printing press authorized to use the Arabic or Turkish languages was set up in Constantinople, operated by Ibrahim Muteferrika ( while the printing press had been introduced to Constantinople in 1480, all works published before 1729 were in Greek, Armenian, or Hebrew ).

Abu Bakr ( Abdullah ibn Abi Quhafa ) (, c. 573 CE – 23 August 634 CE ) also known as Abū Bakr as-Șiddīq ( Arabic: أبو بكر الصديق ) was a senior companion ( Sahabi ) and the father-in-law of the Islamic prophet Muhammad.

The decimal point notation was introduced by Sind ibn Ali, he also wrote the earliest treatise on Arabic numerals.

In 825 Al-Khwārizmī wrote a treatise in Arabic, On the Calculation with Hindu Numerals, which was translated into Latin from Arabic in the 12th century as Algoritmi de numero Indorum.

The system was used in Russia as late as the early 18th century when Peter the Great replaced it with Arabic numerals.

It was named for its original capital, the ancient city of Assur ( Akkadian: ; Aramaic: ; Hebrew: ; Arabic: ).

Knowledge of Arabic texts started to become imported into Europe during the Latin translations of the 12th century, the effect of which was to help initiate the European Renaissance.

In his book The Lost Ark of the Covenant ( 2008 ), Parfitt also suggests that the Ark was taken to Arabia following the events depicted in the Second Book of Maccabees, and cites Arabic sources which maintain it was brought in distant times to Yemen.

The Arabic version of Aelian was made about 1350.

Abd al-Rahman I, or, his full name by patronymic record, Abd al-Rahman ibn Mu ' awiya ibn Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan ( 731 – 788 ) ( Arabic: عبد الرحمن الداخل ) was the founder of the Umayyad Emirate of Córdoba ( 755 ), a Muslim dynasty that ruled the greater part of Iberia for nearly three centuries ( including the succeeding Caliphate of Córdoba ).

It was at this time that ` Abdu ' l-Bahá, in order to provide proof of the falsity of the accusations leveled against him, in tablets to the West, stated that he was to be known as "` Abdu ' l-Bahá " an Arabic phrase meaning the Servant of Bahá to make it clear that he was not a Manifestation of God, and that his station was only servitude.

For centuries his book was obscure, even within the Muslim world, but in the early 19th century extracts were published in German and English based on manuscripts discovered in the Middle East, containing abridged versions of Ibn Juzayy's Arabic text.

In 1971, a 10th century Arabic version of the Testimonium due to Agapius of Hierapolis was brought to light by Shlomo Pines who also discovered a 12th century Syriac version of Josephus by Michael the Syrian.

Andreas Köstenberger states that the fact that the 10th century Arabic version of the Testimonium ( discovered in the 1970s ) lacks distinct Christian terminology while sharing the essential elements of the passage indicates that the Greek Testimonium has been subject to interpolation.

Andreas Köstenberger states that there is strong evidence that parts of the Testimonium are authentic, and that the comparison of the Greek versions with the Arabic version ( discovered by Shlomo Pines in the 1970s ) provides an indication of the original Josephan text.

Van Voorst also states that the neutral reconstruction fits better with the Arabic Testimonium discovered by Pines in the 1970s.

A family friend, Abdel Rahman el-Khamissy ( a writer / director ) discovered her and asked an Arabic language teacher at the time to give her singing lessons.

These are apparently bilingual ( Arabic-Romance ) or macaronic final stanzas of some verses in the Hispano-Arabic muwashshaha form discovered in some Arabic and Hebrew manuscripts (...).

Among the oldest archaeological artefacts inscribed with Arabic script are ; a tombstone of Syeikh Rukunuddin dated 48 AH ( 672 CE ) in Barus, Sumatra ; a tombstone dated 290 AH ( 910 CE ) on the mausoleum of Syeikh Abdul Qadir Ibn Husin Syah Alam located in Alor Setar, Kedah ; a tombstone found in Pekan, Pahang dated 419 AH ( 1026 CE ); a tombstone discovered in Phan Rang, Vietnam dated 431 AH ( 1039 CE ); a tombstone dated 440 AH ( 1048 CE ) found in Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei ; and a tombstone of Fatimah Binti Maimun Bin Hibat Allah found in Gresik, East Java dated 475 AH ( 1082 CE ).

The oldest inscription so far discovered in Classical Arabic goes back to 328 AD and is known as the inscription, written in the Nabataean alphabet and named after the place where it was found in southern Syria in April 1901.

This combination of Hispano-Romance expression with Arabic script, only discovered in 1948, locates the rise of a Spanish literary tradition in the cultural heterogeneity that characterized Medieval Spanish society and politics.

The expedition, searching for deposits of valuable diamonds, discovered the legendary lost city of Zinj ( in Arabic Zinj or Zanj refers to the southern part of the East African coast ).

During their explorations of all this region, the Portuguese discovered and landed on the Islands of the Moon ( qamar in Arabic means " moon ") in 1505.

In 1846 Solomon Munk discovered among the Hebrew manuscripts in the Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris, a work by Shem-Tov ibn Falaquera, which, upon comparison with a Latin manuscript of the " Fons Vitæ " of Avicebron ( likewise found by Munk in the Bibliothèque Nationale ), proved to be a collection of excerpts from an Arabic original of which the " Fons Vitæ " was evidently a translation.

In 1984 he discovered Arabic music in Israel.

In 2008, moreover, a gene linked to a virulent form of breast cancer that is typically found only in Jewish women was discovered in a cluster of Hispanic Catholic women in Southern Colorado, many of whom trace their family's roots to northern New Mexico Curiously, a Spanish dialect, so-called " Mountain Spanish ", that is spoken by many of the old families of northern New Mexico and southern Colorado — and chiefly only among themselves — appears to be Ladino or Judezmo, a hybrid language of Old Spanish, Portuguese and Hebrew with sprinklings of Arabic, Greek and other languages, depending on the geographic region of the speakers or their ancestors.

A more direct Arabic translation of the Alexander romance, called Sirat Al-Iskandar, was discovered in Constantinople, at the Hagia Sophia, and is dated to the 13th century.

An Arabic translation of the manuscript was discovered in Istanbul in the 1560s by the Flemish diplomat Ogier Ghiselin de Busbecq who was in the employ of Emperor Ferdinand I.

Wolfram also claimed that a lost Arabic manuscript by a descendant of Solomon was discovered by a certain Kyot the Provençal, though this may have been his way of parodying the dubious veracity of many other Grail texts.

A second work concerning the order in which to study Plato's works has recently been discovered in an Arabic translation.

An Arabic text of his work De Plantis was discovered in Istanbul in 1923.

The Spanish and Latin versions were the only ones known to western scholars until Wilhelm Printz discovered an Arabic version in or around 1920.

An Arabic inscriptional slab of 1300-1301 discovered in 1911-12 mentions the erection of a tomb in honour of Numar Khan, who was a Meer-e-Vahar ( lieutenant of the naval fleet ).

Arabic translations of texts by Zosimos were discovered in 1995 in a copy of the book Keys of Mercy and Secrets of Wisdom by Ibn Al-Hassan Ibn Ali Al-Tughra ' i ', a Persian alchemist.

* 17th century The Arabic mathematician Mohammed Baqir Yazdi joint discovered the pair of amicable numbers 9, 363, 584 and 9, 437, 056 along with Descartes ( 1636 ).