The Byzantines dispatched an army to reinforce Africa, but its commander Nicephorus the Patrician lost a battle with the Arabs and reembarked.

On the other hand, a contemporary source says that one general Leo of the Armeniakon theme was punished for his humiliating defeat by the Arabs during which he also lost the salaries of his thematic units ( a modern scholar suggests that this Leo is not the same with the emperor ).

This has led to theories that the Arab-Berber attacks may have been related to the Byzantine, and perhaps the Arabs were originally useful allies in a Byzantine attempt to reconquer the lost province of Spania.

In southern Italy, many areas that fell to the Arabs lost the Lombard notarial tradition, while some, e. g., Puglia, Calabria, and Lucania, held to Greco-Byzantine practice.

Constantine's efforts to retake themes lost to the Arabs were the first such efforts to have any real success.

Ibrahim al-Yazigi, a Syrian Christian philosopher, called for the Arabs to " recover their lost ancient vitality and throw off the yoke of the Turks " in 1868.

Those indigenous peoples who converted to Islam rapidly lost their Arameans identity, intermixed with the Arab rulers and essentially became Arabs.

The Slavic communities in Bithynia were destroyed by the Byzantines after General Leontios lost to the Arabs in the Battle of Sebastopolis in 692 as a result of the Slavs having defected to the Arab side.

What is almost universally accepted is that it was an isolated incident connected with other military activities ( probably against the Arabs or Berbers ) and not an attempt to reestablish the province of Spania, lost in the 620s.

The Arabs in Sindh lost all power and broke up into two warring states of Mansurah and Multan, both of which paid tribute to the Gurjar-Pratiharas.

Al-Arsuzi believed that the Arabs lost their common identity when they allowed non – Arabs to participate in government.

< center >" We Iranians were invaded by Greeks, Arabs, Mongols, and Turks, but we never lost our identity because foreign invaders would find a richer culture in Persians than that of their own.

After conquest by the Arabs, the trade routes changed, and as a result these towns lost the majority of the business which fostered their economies.

The Arabs meet the old man at the gas station and learn that Cheech and Chong have been around, and set out into the deserts ; their car breaks down, leaving the Arabs to wander through the Nevada deserts and get lost.

The last of these wars ended with victory for the Byzantines: Emperor Heraclius regained all lost territories, and restored the True Cross to Jerusalem in 629 .< ref > Theophanes, Chronicle, 317 – 327 </ br >* Greatrex – Lieu ( 2002 ), II, 217 – 227 ; Haldon ( 1997 ), 46 ; Baynes ( 1912 ), passim ; Speck ( 1984 ), 178 </ ref > Nevertheless, neither empire was given any chance to recover, as within a few years they were struck by the onslaught of the Arabs ( newly united by Islam ), which, according to Howard-Johnston, " can only be likened to a human tsunami ".

Blond hair is also a common sight among Berbers of North Africa, especially in the Rif and Kabyle region and also among Maghreb Arabs of Berber descent.

The conquest of Syria by the Muslim Arabs in the middle of the seventh century introduced into the land two political factions later called the Qaysites and the Yemenites.

One interesting result Eysenck noted in his 1956 work was that in the United States and Great Britain, most of the political variance was subsumed by the left / right axis, while in France, the T-axis was larger, and in the Middle East, the only dimension to be found was the T-axis: " Among mid-Eastern Arabs it has been found that while the tough-minded / tender-minded dimension is still clearly expressed in the relationships observed between different attitudes, there is nothing that corresponds to the radical-conservative continuum.

This situation – that of divergent political trajectories for Egyptians and Arabs – if anything increased after 1900.

He was " revered by many Arabs ," and most Palestinians, regardless of political ideology or faction, viewing him as a freedom fighter who symbolized their national aspirations.

During the period of Othman, the third caliph, a party of Arabs from Egypt, disgruntled at his political decisions, attacked Medina in 656 AD / 35 AH and murdered him in his own home.

The Assyrian Christians on the other hand, came to similar conclusion but migrated in stages following each and every eruption of a political crisis with the regime in which boundaries they lived or following each conflict with their Muslim, Turkish, Arabs or Kurdish neighbors, or following the departure or expulsion of their patriarch Mar Shimon in 1933, first to Cyprus and then to the United States.

Arabs and Iranians share bitter cultural, historical, political, and economic rivalries that have fuelled mutual contempt.

The Arab League was formed in 1945 to represent the interests of the Arabs, and especially to pursue the political unification of the Arab countries, a project known as Pan-Arabism.

The conference provided the political blueprint for British administration in both Iraq and Transjordan, and in offering these two regions to the sons of Sharif Hussein ibn Ali of the Hedjaz, Churchill stated that the spirit, if not the letter, of Britain's wartime promises to the Arabs might be fulfilled.

In July 1933, right before his death, Faisal went to London where he expressed his alarm at the current situation of Arabs that resulted from the Arab-Jewish conflict and the increased Jewish immigration to Palestine, as the Arab political, social, and economic situation was declining.

The Dutch Vice-Chairman of the Permanent Mandates Commission, M. Van Rees, argued that ' the disturbances of August 1929, as well as the previous disturbances of a similar character, were, in brief, only a special aspect of the resistance offered everywhere in the East, with its traditional and feudal civilisation, to the invasion of a European civilisation introduced by a Western administration ' but concluded that in his view ' the responsibility for what had happened must lie with the religious and political leaders of the Arabs '.

Al-Husseini's tactics, his abuse of power to punish other clans, and the killing of political adversaries he considered ' traitors ', alienated many Palestinian Arabs.

Wolff subsequently wrote in his annual report for that year that the Arabs ' political naïvety led them to fail to recognize the link between German Jewish policy and their problems in Palestine, and that their enthusiasm for Nazi Germany was devoid of any real understanding of the phenomenon.

In 1994, 60 percent of the wetlands were destroyed by Hussein's regime – drained to permit military access and greater political control of the native Marsh Arabs.

He later clarified that he was using rhetoric to explain political fragmentation among the Arabs and that he does not believe in a " Jewish conspiracy to control the world ".

His first political involvement was to found a student organization called “ Hulda ,” whose regulations stated it was dedicated “ solely to the revival of the Hebrew nation in a new state .” During the 1929 riots in Palestine, Jewish communities came under attack by local Arabs, and Stern served with the Haganah, doing guard duty on a synagogue rooftop in Jerusalem ’ s Old City.

Jack Shaheen, a critic of Hollywood's portrayal of Arabs, believes that " the studio feared financial and possibly political hardships if they made the film's hero Arab ", and claimed that " If no attempt is made to challenge negative stereotypes about Arabs, the misperceptions continue.

A number of political changes in neighbouring Arab countries illustrated to the Palestinian Arabs what could be achieved in a Western colony through political pressure and negotiating skill.

The Commission, which concluded that 1, 000 Arab rebels had been killed during the strike, later described the disturbances as " an open rebellion of the Palestinian Arabs, assisted by fellow-Arabs from other countries, against Mandatory rule " and noted two unprecedented features of the revolt: the support of all senior Arab officials in the political and technical departments in the Palestine administration ( including all of the Arab judges ) and the " interest and sympathy of the neighbouring Arab peoples ", which had resulted in support for the rebellion in the form of volunteers from Syria and Iraq.

In the early 1920s the first High Commissioner of Palestine, Herbert Samuel, failed to create a unified political structure embracing both Palestinian Arabs and Palestinian Jews in constitutional government with joint political institutions.

A longtime critic of the Huntingtonian paradigm, and an outspoken proponent of Arab issues, Edward Said ( 2004 ) also claimed that not only is the Clash of Civilisations thesis a " reductive and vulgar notion " ( p. 226 ), but it is also an illustration “ of the purest invidious racism, a sort of parody of Hitlerian science directed today against Arabs and Muslims ” ( p. 293 ).

One of the greatest services that Field Marshal Bugeaud has rendered his country is to have spread, perfected and made everyone aware of this new science ... As far as I am concerned, I came back from Africa with the pathetic notion that at present in our way of waging war we are far more barbaric than the Arabs themselves.

The twelfth century left its signature on higher education, on the scholastic philosophy, on European systems of law, on architecture and sculpture, on the liturgical drama, on Latin and vernacular poetry ... We shall confine ourselves to the Latin side of this renaissance, the revival of learning in the broadest sense — the Latin classics and their influence, the new jurisprudence and the more varied historiography, the new knowledge of the Greeks and Arabs and its effects upon western science and philosophy, he stated in his preface.

It is, in his own words " an Index of the books of all nations, Arabs and non-Arabs alike, which are extant in the Arabic language and script, on every branch of knowledge ; comprising information as to their compilers and the classes of their authors, together with the genealogies of those persons, the dates of their birth, the length of their lives, the times of their death, the places to which they belonged, their merits and their faults, since the beginning or every science that has been invented down to the present epoch: namely, the year 377 of the Hijra .".

* O ' Leary, De Lacy ( 1948 ) How Greek science passed to the Arabs Routledge and K. Paul, London ;

" Consequently, Rand contended Arab resentment for Israel was a result of the Jewish state being " the sole beachhead of modern science and civilization on their ( Arabs ) continent ", while decreeing that " when you have civilized men fighting savages, you support the civilized men, no matter who they are.

One of the gravest results of their poor education is that the Arabs, who once led the world in science, are dropping ever further behind in scientific research and in information technology.