File: NAMA-Statue of a sleeping Maenad 04. JPG | Statue of a sleeping Maenad, lying on a panther skin spread on a rocky surface ; the type is known as the reclining Hermaphrodite ; Pentelic marble ; found at the south of the Athenian Acropolis ; Hadrianic time ( 117-138 AD ), follows a classical trend in the attic art ; National Archaeological Museum, Athens.

In ancient Greek religion Artemis Caryatis was an epithet of Artemis that was derived from the small polis of Karyai in Laconia ; there an archaic open-air temenos was dedicated to Carya, the Lady of the Nut-Tree, whose priestesses were called the caryatidai, represented on the Athenian Acropolis as the marble caryatids supporting the porch of the Erechtheum.

Taylor also published ( under the title of Marmor Sandvicense ) a commentary on the inscription on an ancient marble brought from Greece by Lord Sandwich, containing particulars of the receipts and expenditure of the Athenian magistrates appointed to celebrate the festival of Apollo at Delos in 374 BC.

The so-called Mourning Athena is an Athenian marble relief dated circa 460 BC.

The marble used for the arch is of a lower grade that had more inclusions than that used in the best Athenian buildings.

Thus, by the latter 6th century local elites were able to acquire " exotic " Aegean items such as Athenian red figure pottery, fine tablewares, olive oil and wine amphorae, fine ceramic perfume flasks, glass, marble and precious metal ornaments ; which would serve as status symbols.

The identification of Ajax with the family of Aeacus was chiefly a matter which concerned the Athenians, after Salamis had come into their possession, on which occasion Solon is said to have inserted a line in the Iliad ( 2. 557 – 558 ), for the purpose of supporting the Athenian claim to the island.

Alarmed by the sudden reappearance of something resembling the Athenian empire that had driven them from the Aegean in the 5th century BC, the Persians began supporting Sparta, and a Persian fleet was soon in the Hellespont, threatening Athens ' grain supply.

* Commanding 20 ships, the Athenian generals Theramenes and Thrasybulus collaborate with Alcibiades and the main Athenian fleet in inflicting a major defeat on the Spartan navy commanded by Mindarus and its supporting Persian land army near Cyzicus on the shore of the Propontis ( Sea of Marmara ).

After escaping from the Athenian blockade at Abydos, he attacks and defeats a small Athenian force, then joins his fleet with a supporting fleet sent from Syracuse.

But the same difference appears again on occasion of the great Athenian expedition to Sicily, when the city was divided into two parties, the one desirous of favoring and supporting the Athenians, the other opposed to them.

Through an ambitious program of public works, by fostering the state cult of Athena, by encouraging the creation of festivals and supporting the Panathenaean games, in which prizes were jars of olive oil, and in his support of the Dionosia ( leading to the development of Athenian drama ) Peisistratus managed to maintain his personal popularity.

More recently, Athenian and Spartan troops had fought at the Battle of Mantinea in 418, with Athens supporting Argos, Mantinea, and other Peloponnesian cities in an attempt to establish a stable anti-Spartan alliance in the Peloponnese.

But after a " considerable force " arrived from Athens under the command of Cimon, Sparta, fearing the " unorthodox " politics of Athens and the possibility of her supporting the enslaved Helots rather than fighting them, sent the Athenian contingent home while keeping on the rest of her allies.

Alarmed by these Athenian successes, the Persians stopped backing the allies and began supporting Sparta.

After escaping from the blockade at Abydos, Antalcidas attacked and defeated a small Athenian force, then united his fleet with a supporting fleet sent from Syracuse.

Although democracy predated Athenian imperialism by over thirty years, they are sometimes associated with each other.

There are many variations of this theory, but perhaps the most prevalent is that the cavalry was re-embarked on the ships, and was to be sent by sea to attack ( undefended ) Athens in the rear, whilst the rest of the Persians pinned down the Athenian army at Marathon.

The transition to the torsion catapults, which are not considered crossbows and came to dominate Greek and Roman artillery design is first evident in inventories of the Athenian arsenal from between 338 and 326 BC.

The Trojan Women for example is a powerfully disturbing play on the theme of war's horrors, apparently critical of Athenian imperialism ( it was composed in the aftermath of the Melian massacre and during the preparations for the Sicilian Expedition ) yet it features the comic exchange between Menelaus and Hecuba quoted above and the chorus considers Athens, the " blessed land of Theus ", to be a desirable refugesuch complexity and ambiguity are typical both of his ' patriotic ' and ' anti-war ' plays.

As a result, his reports about Greek events are often coloured by Athenian bias against rival states-Thebes and Corinth in particular.

This essentially Athenian view of the Minotaur as the antagonist of Theseus reflects the literary sources, which are biased in favour of Athenian perspectives.

The architects Mnesikles and Callicrates are said to have called the building Hekatompedos (" the hundred footer ") in their lost treatise on Athenian architecture, and, in the 4th century and later, the building was referred to as the Hekatompedos or the Hekatompedon as well as the Parthenon ; the 1st-century AD writer Plutarch referred to the building as the Hekatompedon Parthenon.

* 422 BC: The Spartans defeat the Athenians in the Battle of Amphipolis, where the Athenian Cleon and the Spartan Brasidas are both killed.

Athens ' actions are incited by the speeches of the Athenian general Leosthenes and the Athenian orator Hypereides.

Athenian Pagans are persecuted.

Some 6, 400 Persians are killed at a cost of 192 Athenian dead.

Though the early literary presentations of Medea are lost, Apollonius of Rhodes, in a redefinition of epic formulas, and Euripides, in a dramatic version for a specifically Athenian audience, each employed the figure of Medea ; Seneca offered yet another tragic Medea, of witchcraft and potions, and Ovid rendered her portrait three times for a sophisticated and sceptical audience in Imperial Rome.

An Athenian militia force ( 2, 000 men ) under the historian Dexippus, pushed the invaders to the north where they are intercepted by the Roman army under emperor Gallienus.

Notable works of the school still extant are the famous archaic female statues found on the Athenian Acropolis in 1885 – 1887, the seated statues of Branchidae, the Nike of Archermus found at Delos, and the objects in ivory and electrum found by D. G.

Images depicting many of the Greek myths are only known from South Italian vases, since Athenian ones seem to have had more limited repertoires of depiction.

He also wrote iambic and trochaic verses which, according to one modern scholar, are more lively and direct than his elegies and possibly paved the way for the iambics of Athenian drama.

* Returning to Athens after the battle, Theramenes leads Athenian agitation against the eight generals who have commanded in the engagement ; the six who have returned to Athens are condemned for negligence in not having picked up survivors from the ships disabled in the battle.

The Athenian generals ( including Pericles ' son ) are put to death.

Philip acts at once, and his forces pass through Thermopylae, enter Amfissa and defeat the Locrians who are led by Chares, the Athenian general and mercenary commander.

* The Athenian statesman, Demosthenes, travels to Peloponnesus, in order to detach as many cities as possible from Macedon's influence, but his efforts are generally unsuccessful.

* After suffering a defeat in which the Athenian commander Lamachus is killed, Demosthenes suggests that they immediately give up the siege of Syracuse and return to Athens, where they are needed to defend against a Spartan invasion of Attica.

Nicias is soon captured as well, and both are executed, with most of the surviving Athenian soldiers sent to work in the Sicilian quarries.

After some initial success, the Athenian troops become disorganised in the chaotic night operation and are thoroughly routed by Gylippus, the Spartan commander.

Other Greek cities set up democracies, and even though most followed an Athenian model, none were as powerful, stable, nor as well-documented as that of Athens.

But for even the most active citizen the formal basis of his political activity was the invitation issued to everyone ( every qualified free male Athenian citizen ) by the phrase " whoever wishes ".

Historians have liberally used emperor and, especially so, empire anachronistically and out of its Roman and European context to describe any large state and its ruler in the past and present ; sometimes even to refer to non-monarchically ruled states and their spheres of influence: such examples include the " Athenian Empire " of the late 5th century BC, the " Angevin Empire " of the Plantagenets, or the Soviet and American " empires " of the Cold War era.

In Rome, even when led by a bold Tribune the people lacked anywhere near the influence they enjoyed at the height of the Athenian polis.

Athenian manpower was correspondingly drastically reduced and even foreign mercenaries refused to hire themselves out to a city riddled with plague.

Plutarch provides the most evocative version of this story: But when Egypt revolted with Athenian aid ... and Cimon's mastery of the sea forced the King to resist the efforts of the Hellenes and to hinder their hostile growth ... messages came down to Themistocles saying that the King commanded him to make good his promises by applying himself to the Hellenic problem ; then, neither embittered by anything like anger against his former fellow-citizens, nor lifted up by the great honor and power he was to have in the war, but possibly thinking his task not even approachable, both because Hellas had other great generals at the time, and especially because Cimon was so marvelously successful in his campaigns ; yet most of all out of regard for the reputation of his own achievements and the trophies of those early days ; having decided that his best course was to put a fitting end to his life, he made a sacrifice to the gods, then called his friends together, gave them a farewell clasp of his hand, and, as the current story goes, drank bull's blood, or as some say, took a quick poison, and so died in Magnesia, in the sixty-fifth year of his life ... They say that the King, on learning the cause and the manner of his death, admired the man yet more, and continued to treat his friends and kindred with kindness.

At the peak of its power Sparta subdued many of the key Greek states and even managed to overpower the elite Athenian navy.

Opportunities for trade even within the Athenian borders were limited.

But two years afterwards ( 413 BC ) the Athenian party had regained the ascendency ; and when Demosthenes and Eurymedon touched at Thurii, the citizens afforded them every assistance, and even furnished an auxiliary force of 700 hoplites and 300 dartmen.

Other Greek cities set up democracies, and even though most followed an Athenian model, none were as powerful, stable, or as well-documented as that of Athens.

* Theseion: A temple and a safe refuge for fugitives, it is where the ships of the Athenian fleet consider fleeing to escape Hyperbolus ( even though it is inland ).

One ancient source even listed his Athenian deme, Aphidnae, but there was also a place of that name in Laconia.

Since he was even more well-established in Athenian aristocracy than was Socrates ' father, his name would have been the preferred choice for the name of the first-born son.

King George III even donated an Athenian gold piece.

Although Mycale was in every sense a decisive victory, it does not seem to have been attributed the same significance ( even at the time ) as, for example the Athenian victory at the Battle of Marathon or even the Greek defeat at Thermopylae.

* Solon: The founding father of Athenian democracy – his laws even govern the behaviour of the gods ( line 1660 ).

Xenophon, another Athenian, is the only contemporary who grudgingly notes some Theban accomplishments, and even then, never in-depth and with numerous omissions.

Plutarch suggests that in the aftermath of the victory at the Eurymedon, Artaxerxes had agreed a peace treaty with the Greeks, even naming Callias as the Athenian ambassador involved.

This embassy may have been an attempt to reach some kind of peace agreement, and it has even been suggested that the failure of these hypothetical negotiations led to the Athenian decision to support the Egyptian revolt.

In his search for information he applied to James IV of Scotland for a list of the Scottish kings and their annals ; but not even his friendship with Gavin Douglas could make him accept the historical theories of the latter, who traced the pedigree of the Scots down from the banished son of an Athenian king and Scota, daughter of the Egyptian Pharaoh.

Although Plataea was in every sense a resounding victory, it does not seem to have been attributed the same significance ( even at the time ) as, for example, the Athenian victory at the Battle of Marathon or even the Allied defeat at Thermopylae.

Largely, this was a result of financial inability ; even after the victory, the Athenian treasury was hard pressed to support large-scale offensive operations.

Thus, particularly there, the new expedition was amicably received and, even though Phocion had planned to camp outside the walls, was welcomed into the city, where the Athenian soldiers acted with exemplary discipline and courtesy.