The victorious Roman general, Publius Cornelius Sulla, left the Athenians their lives and did not sell them into slavery ; he also restored the previous government, in 86 BC.

Around the same time, due to encouragement from influential speaker Themistocles, the Athenians also constructed the Long Walls connecting their city to the Piraeus, its port, making it effectively invulnerable to attack by land.

For a time during this conflict, Athens controlled not only Megara but also Boeotia ; at its end, however, in the face of a massive Spartan invasion of Attica, the Athenians ceded the lands they had won on the Greek mainland, and Athens and Sparta recognized each other's right to control their respective alliance systems.

This debate was attended by members of the league and a delegation from Athens ( that was not invited ) also asked to speak, and became the scene of a debate between the Athenians and the Corinthians.

The Lacedaemonians were not content with simply sending aid to Sicily ; they also resolved to take the war to the Athenians.

The message also had a secondary purpose, namely that in the event of an Allied defeat, the Athenians would probably receive some degree of mercy from Xerxes ( having indicated their readiness to submit ).

He also instructed the Athenians to build 20 triremes per year, to ensure that their dominance in naval matters continued.

His friends also managed to send him many of his belongings, although up to 100 talents worth of his goods were confiscated by the Athenians.

The Athenians had also been preparing for war with the Persians since the mid-480s BC, and in 482 BC the decision was taken, under the guidance of the Athenian politician Themistocles, to build a massive fleet of triremes that would be necessary for the Greeks to fight the Persians.

The removal of the horoi clearly provided immediate economic relief for the most oppressed group in Attica, and it also brought an immediate end to the enslavement of Athenians by their countrymen.

:" Since the Dorians were regarded as uncivilised by the Athenians, ' Doric ' came to mean ' rustic ' in English, and was applied particularly to the language of Northumbria and the Lowlands of Scotland and also to the simplest of the three orders in architecture.

She also was said to have become the mother of Macaria ( who saved the Athenians from defeat by Eurystheus ).

He also delivers his first Philippic, warning Athenians of the folly of believing that Philip's ill health will save Athens from the Macedonians.

When the servile Athenians, feigning to share the emperor's displeasure with the sophist, pulled down a statue which they had erected to him, Favorinus remarked that if only Socrates also had had a statue at Athens, he might have been spared the hemlock.

The Athenians, mindful of their disastrous defeat in 404 BC, when the Spartans had gained control of the Hellespont, agreed to negotiate, and Thebes, Corinth, and Argos, unwilling to fight on without Athens, were also forced to negotiate.

" I am unable to state with certainty what language the Pelasgians spoke, but we could consider the speech of the Pelasgians who still exist in settlements above Tyrrhenia in the city of Kreston, formerly neighbors to the Dorians who at that time lived in the land now called Thessaliotis ; also the Pelasgians who once lived with the Athenians and then settled Plakia and Skylake in the Hellespont ; and along with those who lived with all the other communities and were once Pelasgian but changed their names.

In this situation, Theramenes, in a speech to the assembly, requested that he be sent as an ambassador to Lysander ( who was at this time besieging Samos ) to determine the Spartans ' intentions towards Athens ; he also stated that he had discovered something that might improve the Athenians ' situation, although he declined to share it with the citizenry.

At Sparta, with representatives of all of Sparta's allies present, Theramenes and his colleagues negotiated the terms of the peace that ended the Peloponnesian War ; the long walls and the walls of Piraeus were pulled down, the size of the Athenian fleet was sharply limited, and Athenian foreign policy was subordinated to that of Sparta ; the treaty also stipulated that the Athenians were to use " the constitution of their ancestors ".

This exposure to Eastern philosophy seems to have inspired him to adopt a life of solitude ; returning to Elis, he lived in poor circumstances, but was highly honored by the Elians and also by the Athenians, who conferred upon him the rights of citizenship.

Some modern scholars also believe the poetry was composed by Athenians, probably in the 5th or 4th century BC.

The novel also has some amusing insights into ancient culture ( for instance, the pirates decide to sell Callirhoe in Miletus rather than in the equally wealthy Athens, because they considered Athenians to be litigious busybodies who would ask too many questions ).

The Athenians also sent a force to relieve Plataea.

Pericles and his mistress Aspasia associated with and had not only great Athenians but also foreigners from within Greece and even outside Greece.

He also wrote some charming odes, idylls and elegies, and a small epic poem Cissides und Paches ( 1759 ), the subject being two Thessalian friends who die an heroic death for their country in a battle against the Athenians.

Hoping to restore the juntas of oligarchic partisans that he had put in place after the defeat of the Athenians in 404 BC, Lysander arranged for Agesilaus II, the Eurypontid Spartan king, to take command of the Greeks against Persia in 396 BC.

However, his stance put Phocion in opposition to both most free Athenians and Polyperchon, the next ruler of Macedonia, who arranged his execution in Athens.

The Acropolis had been scheduled for the treatment too, but apparently it was to take place at the time of the full moon when the Athenians themselves, out of respect for the natural beauty of the occasion, were wont to forgo their own usual nocturnal illumination.

The other is that the charge for cabanas and parasols, though modest from an American point of view, still is a little high for many Athenians.

The identification of Ajax with the family of Aeacus was chiefly a matter which concerned the Athenians, after Salamis had come into their possession, on which occasion Solon is said to have inserted a line in the Iliad ( 2. 557 – 558 ), for the purpose of supporting the Athenian claim to the island.

Having been informed that Solon was employed to draw up a code of laws for the Athenians, Anacharsis described his occupation, saying:

Diogenes Laertius reports the story that he was prosecuted by Cleon for impiety, but Plutarch says that Pericles sent his former tutor, Anaxagoras, to Lampsacus for his own safety after the Athenians began to blame him for the Peloponnesian war.

Hipparchus, brother of the tyrant Hippias, was killed by Harmodius and Aristogeiton, who were subsequently honored by the Athenians for their alleged restoration of Athenian freedom.

Also excluded from voting were citizens whose rights were under suspension ( typically for failure to pay a debt to the city: see atimia ); for some Athenians this amounted to permanent ( and in fact inheritable ) disqualification.

Although the legislation was not retrospective, five years later the Athenians removed 5000 from the citizen registers when a free gift of grain arrived for all citizens from an Egyptian king.

The age limit, the same as that for office holders but ten years older than that required for participation in the assembly, gave the courts a certain standing in relation to the assembly ; for the Athenians of the court were not only older, but were wiser, too.

Athenians selected for office served as teams ( boards, panels ).

Of all the causes of defection, that connected with arrears of tribute and vessels, and with failure of service, was the chief ; for the Athenians were very severe and exacting, and made themselves offensive by applying the screw of necessity to men who were not used to and in fact not disposed for any continuous labor.

In some other respects the Athenians were not the old popular rulers they had been at first ; and if they had more than their fair share of service, it was correspondingly easy for them to reduce any that tried to leave the confederacy.

This was the Athenians ' main ( public ) reason for moving the treasury of the League from Delos to Athens, further consolidating their control over the League.

In 458 BC, the Athenians blockaded the island of Aegina, and simultaneously defended Megara from the Corinthians by sending out an army composed of those too young or old for regular military service.

Athenians decided to stop the construction of the Olympieion which was related with the tyrant Peisistratus and his sons and instead used the Piraeus limestone destined for the Olympieion to build the Older Parthenon.