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The Bastarnae tried to retreat into the forest but were hampered by the wagon-train carrying their women and children, as these could not move through the trees.
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Bastarnae and tried
As expected, the Bastarnae attacked the vanguard in force, only to find themselves entangled in the full-scale pitched battle with the Romans that they had tried to avoid.
Bastarnae and into
Map of the Roman empire and contemporary indigenous Europe in AD 125, showing the location of the Bastarnae, divided into two groups.
The Peucini branch of the Bastarnae first came into conflict with the Romans in the 1st century BC, when they resisted, ultimately unsuccessfully, Roman expansion into Moesia, the region on the southern bank of the Danube.
On the other hand, the Bastarnae maintained a separate name-identity into the late 3rd century AD, possibly implying retention of their Germanic cultural heritage, distinctive in the lower Danube, until the arrival of the Goths.
The consensus among modern scholars is that the Bastarnae were, in the 2nd century, divided into two main groups.
The Bastarnae first came into direct conflict with Rome as a result of expansion into the lower Danube region by the proconsuls ( governors ) of Macedonia in the period 75-72 BC.
Trapped into fighting to save their families, the Bastarnae were routed.
Petty king Zyraxes escaped with his treasure and fled over the Danube into Scythia to seek aid from the Bastarnae.
The remaining Bastarnae of the Ukraine disappear into obscurity in the late empire.
Neither of the main ancient sources for this period, Ammianus Marcellinus and Zosimus, mention the Bastarnae in their accounts of the 4th century, possibly implying the loss of their separate identity, presumably subsumed into the neighbouring Sarmatians or Goths.
If the Bastarnae remained an identifiable group, it is highly likely that they participated in the vast Gothic-led migration, driven by Hunnic pressure, that was admitted into Moesia by emperor Valens in 376 and eventually defeated and killed Valens at Adrianople in 378.
Bastarnae and were
The Bastarnae or Basternae () were an ancient Germanic tribe, who between 200 BC and 300 AD inhabited the region between the eastern Carpathian mountains and the Dnieper river ( corresponding to the modern Republic of Moldova and western part of southern Ukraine ).
Although possibly Celtic-speaking in 179 BC, the Bastarnae probably were Germanic in language and culture during the 1st century AD, but appear to have become assimilated by their neighbouring Sarmatians by the 3rd century.
In the mid 3rd century, the Bastarnae were part of a Gothic-led grand coalition of lower Danube tribes which inflicted immense damage on the Balkan provinces of the Roman empire in a series of massive invasions.
Large numbers of Bastarnae were resettled within the empire in the late 3rd century.
AD 10, may imply that the Bastarnae were of Celtic origin.
It is possible that the Bastarnae were originally a mixed Celto-Germanic group.
In any case, other Greco-Roman writers of the 1st century AD are unanimous that the Bastarnae were, in their own time, Germanic in language and culture.
It is uncertain whether the Bastarnae were sedentary or nomadic ( or semi-nomadic ).
Although he was aware that the Bastarnae were hardly likely to achieve the same success as Hannibal some 40 years earlier, and would most likely end up cut to pieces by the Romans, Philip hoped that the Romans would be distracted long enough to allow him to reoccupy his former possessions in Greece.
The Bastarnae host was still en route through Thrace, where it became embroiled in hostilities with the locals, who were unable ( or unwilling ) to provide them with sufficient food at affordable prices as they marched through.
A large force of Bastarnae chased them up the mountain, but were driven back and scattered by a massive hailstorm.
Having lost their entire baggage and supplies, the Bastarnae were obliged to withdraw from Dardania and to return home.
The Bastarnae were also a target because they had recently subjugated the Triballi, whose territory lay on the southern bank of the Danube between the tributary rivers Utus ( Vit ) and Ciabrus ( Tsibritsa ), with their chief town at Oescus ( Gigen, Bulgaria ).
The Bastarnae provided the casus belli by crossing the Haemus and attacking the Dentheletae, a Thracian tribe who were Roman allies.
The Bastarnae were perhaps involved in the Dacian Wars of Domitian ( 86-88 ) and Trajan ( 101-102 and 105-106 ), since these took place in the lower Danube region and it is known that both sides were supported by neighbouring indigenous tribes.
Thus, in 250-1, the Bastarnae were probably involved in the Gothic and Sarmatian invasions which culminated in the Roman defeat at the Battle of Abrittus and the slaying of the emperor Decius ( 251 ).
" One such were the Bastarnae, according to the Gallic nobleman Sidonius Apollinaris.
Over time, some peripheral areas of the Geto-Dacians ' territories were affected by the presence of other people, such as the Celts in the west, the Illyrians in the south-west, the Greeks and Scythians in the east and the Bastarnae in the north-east.
The Scirii and Bastarnae settled in the vicinity and were followed ca.
Meanwhile the Dardanian envoys came with reports as to the number of the Bastarnae, the size of their men, and their courage in the field. They gave information also of the treacherous practices of Perseus and the Gauls, and said that they were more afraid of him than of the Bastarnae, and therefore begged the help of the Romans.
Bastarnae and by
A branch of the Bastarnae, called the Peucini by Greco-Roman writers, occupied the region north of the Danube river delta.
It is possible that the miscegenation mentioned by Tacitus had, by the 3rd century, resulted in the Bastarnae becoming assimilated by the Sarmatians, perhaps adopting their tongue ( which belonged to the Iranic group of Indo-European languages ) and / or Sarmatian customs.
A view of the Danube delta, showing the kind of swampy terrain originally inhabited by the Peucini branch of the Bastarnae.
Starting in about AD 200, the Chernyakhov culture became established in the W. Ukraine / Moldova region inhabited by the Bastarnae.
Despite the failure of Philip's Bastarnae strategy, the suspicion aroused by these events in the Roman Senate, which had been warned by the Dardani of the Bastarnae invasion, ensured the demise of Macedonia as an independent state.
The presence of Roman forces in the Danube delta was seen as a major threat by all the neighbouring transdanubian peoples: the Peucini Bastarnae, the Sarmatians and, most importantly, by Burebista ( ruled 82-44 BC ), king of the Getae.
Thousands of fleeing Bastarnae perished, many asphyxiated in nearby woods by encircling fires set by the Romans, others drowned trying to swim across the Danube.
The Res Gestae Divi Augusti (" Acts of the divine Augustus "), a self-congratulatory inscription commissioned by Augustus to list his achievements, states that he received an embassy from the Bastarnae seeking a treaty of friendship.
The Bastarnae are reported to have honoured their oath of allegiance to the emperor, while the other resettled peoples mutinied while Probus was distracted by usurpation attempts and ravaged the Danubian provinces far and wide.
A further massive transfer of Bastarnae was carried out by emperor Diocletian ( ruled 284-305 ) after he and his colleague Galerius defeated a coalition of Bastarnae and Carpi in 299.
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