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Page "History of Morocco" ¶ 24
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Berbers and went
Exiled from the court of the Spanish Emperor Alfonso VI of León and Castile, El Cid went on to command a Moorish force consisting of Muladis, Berbers, Arabs and Malians, under Yusuf al-Mu ' taman ibn Hud, Moorish king of the northeast Al-Andalus city of Zaragoza, and his successor, Al-Mustein II.
Later still, she went to Morocco, where she travelled among the Berbers and had to use a ladder to mount her black stallion, a gift from the Sultan.
Towards the end of his life, he befriended Saint Pishoy at the time when the latter fled the Nitrian Desert because of the Berbers ' attacks, and went to dwell in the mountain of Ansena.

Berbers and on
Writing three centuries later, Ibn Abi Zar suggested it was chosen early on by Abdallah Ibn Yasin because, upon finding resistance among the Gudala Berbers of Adrar ( Mauritania ) to his teaching, he took a handful of followers to erect a makeshift ribat ( monastery-fortress ) on an offshore island ( possibly Tidra island, in Arguin bay ).
One of the Berbers held on to Abd al-Rahman's vessel as it made for al-Andalus, and allegedly had his hand cut off by one of the boat's crew.
He felt that he could not always rely on the local populace in providing a loyal army ; and therefore bought a massive standing army consisting mainly of Berbers from North Africa as well as slaves from other areas.
2200-1700 BC ) the Egyptian pharaohs succeeded in imposing their overlordship on these eastern Berbers and extracted tribute from them.
In 1921 the Berbers under the leadership of Abd el Krim inflicted a grave defeat on the Spanish ( see Battle of Annual ), and were not pacified until 1926, when the Spanish Protectorate finally managed to control the area again.
Instead, Carthage relied mostly on mercenaries, especially the indigenous Numidian Berbers, to fight its wars.
In the late 7th and early 8th C., during the Umayyad Caliphate, conversions were often ignored and jizya continued being collected on Muslim converts, particularly if they were non-Arabs ( e. g. Berbers, Persians ), raising tensions throughout the caliphate.
" Two centuries later, Europeans perceived Saracens as poor, uneducated idolaters belonging to a group wholly separate from the Arabs who brought Aristotle to the Latin West and the Moors and Berbers fighting Christians in Spain ; someone who got all of his or her information on Islam from medieval sources would not conclude the three groups represented one continuous culture.
The name is a souvenir of the Moors ( Maures in Old French ), Arabs and Berbers from North Africa, who settled on the coast of Provence in the 9th and 10th centuries.
In politics, Al-Mu ' tamid carried on the feuds of his family with the Berbers, and in his efforts to extend his dominions proved himself capable of as much faithlessness as his father.
However, there is also a small ( 1 percent at most ) of pure native Berbers located mainly in the Jabal Dahar mountains in the South East and on the island of Jerba.
Under Pelayo's leadership, the attacks on the Berbers increased.
For the first half of its existence the empire's power rested primarily on the Kutama Berbers and their strength, with a Berber army conquering northern Africa, Palestine, Syria and, for a short time, Baghdad.
In Maghreb ( western North Africa ) in 686 a force led by Zuhayr ibn Qais won the Battle of Mamma over Byzantines and Berbers led by Kusaila, on the Qairawan plain, and re-took Ifriqiya and its capital Kairouan.
The geographical term Barbary or Barbary Coast, and the name of the Barbary pirates based on that coast ( and who were not necessarily Berbers ) were also derived from it.
* 720-Caliph Umar II puts heavy pressure on the Christian Berbers to convert to Islam
The intermixing of indigenous Latin Sicilians with Arabs and Berbers did not always transmit Islamic culture to the people as many held on to Christianity as a symbol of defiance, though remained relatively positive social relations remained between Sicily's Christian and Muslim communities.
The islands used to be inhabited by the Guanches which are related to Berbers ; they mixed with Spaniards, who live on the islands now.
Chamberlain grouped all European peoples — not just Germanics, but Celts, Slavs, Greeks, and Latins — as well as Berbers from North Africa-" The noble Moor of Spain is anything but a pure Arab of the desert, he is half a Berber ( from the Aryan family ) and his veins are so full of Gothic blood that even at the present day noble inhabitants of Morocco can trace their descent back to Teutonic ancestors " into the " Aryan race ," a race built on the ancient Proto-Indo-European culture.
After the conversion to Islam at the beginning of the 8th century and the Maysara uprising ( CE 739-742 ), the Barghawata Berbers formed their own state on the Atlantic coast between Safi and Salé.
The Banu Hassan a Maqil branch moved into the Sanhaja region in what's today the Western Sahara and Mauritania, they fought a thirty years war on the side of the Lamtuna Arabized Berbers who claimed Himyarite ancestry ( from the early Islamic invasions ) defeating the Sanhaja berbers and Arabizing Mauritania.
The FLN saw many major defeats to the French and Berbers early on, but were able to negotiate their independence.

Berbers and Islam
In the following centuries most of the Berbers converted to Islam, although after the Arab rule receded permanently from North Africa.
The Berbers were indigenous inhabitants of North Africa who only recently had been converted to Islam ; they had provided most of the soldiery of the invading Islamic armies but sensed Arab discrimination against them.
The Berbers had been converted to Islam barely a generation earlier, and were considered second rank to Arabs and Syrians.
The dynasty was founded in 909 by, who in the late 9th century started a movement among the Kutama Berbers and managed to convert them to Shi ' a Islam.
Various Islamic variations, such as the Ibadis and the Shia, were adopted by some Berbers, often leading to scorning of Caliphal control in favour of their own interpretation of Islam.
It was spoken by Mozarabs ( Christians living as dhimmis ), Muladis ( the native Iberian population converted to Islam ) and some layers of the ruling Arabs and Berbers.
This proved highly successful, as many Berbers converted to Islam and even entered his army as soldiers and officers, possibly including Tariq bin Ziyad who would lead the later Islamic expedition in Iberia.
Nomadic Berbers, mainly of the Sanhaja tribal confederation, inhabited the areas now known as Western Sahara, southern Morocco, Mauritania and extreme southernwestern Algeria, before Islam arrived in the 8th century AD.
In 710, Salih I ibn Mansur founded the kingdom of Nekor in the Rif and Berbers started converting to Islam.
: See also History of Arab Egypt, Rise of Islam in Algeria, Berbers and Islam, Muslim History, Islam in Africa
In the 11th century, Berbers of the Sahara began a jihad to reform Islam in North Africa and remove any trace of cultural or religious pluralism.
Most Berbers embraced Islam quickly, though their non-Arab ethnic and linguistic distinction has resisted the Arab-Islamic influence.
As in the Hellenic lands of Christendom, so also in Mauretania, Judaism involuntarily prepared the way for Islam ; and the conversion of the Berbers to Islam took place so much the more easily.
Berbers also accepted Islam while others were persuaded by the fact that the other side had been successful.
Prior to the seventh century, the Berbers had successfully resisted foreign invasions of Islam.
The Meghrawa, a tribe of Zanata Berbers, were one of the first Berber tribes to submit to Islam in the 7th century.
* Berbers and Islam

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