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Black and Tans
Although established to target the Irish Republican Army, the Black and Tans became notorious through their numerous attacks on the Irish civilian population.
These uniforms differentiated them from the Army and the Regular RIC, and gave rise to the force's nickname: Christopher O ' Sullivan wrote in the Limerick Echo on 25 March 1920 that, meeting a group of recruits on a train at Limerick Junction, the attire of one reminded him of the Scarteen Hunt, whose " Black and Tans " nickname derived from the coloration of its Kerry Beagles.
The Black and Tans acted with the Auxiliaries in the government's attempts to break the IRA.
The Black and Tans were not subject to strict discipline in their early months in Ireland and as a result, their deaths at the hands of the IRA in 1920 were often repaid with arbitrary reprisals against the civilian population.
In the summer of 1920, the Black and Tans burned and sacked many small towns and villages in Ireland, beginning with Tuam in County Galway in July 1920 and also including Trim, Balbriggan, Knockcroghery, Thurles and Templemore amongst many others.
Finally, the Black and Tans sacked Cork city, on the night of 11 December 1920, destroying a large portion of the city centre.
It said the government, in forming the Black and Tans, had " liberated forces which it is not at present able to dominate ".
Taken together with an increased emphasis on discipline in the RIC, this helped to curb the random atrocities the Black and Tans committed since March 1920 for the remainder of the war, if only because reprisals were now directed from above rather than being the result of a spontaneous desire for revenge.
However, many of the atrocities popularly attributed to the Black and Tans may have been committed by the Auxiliary Division ; and some were committed by Irish RIC men.
However, most Republicans did not make a distinction, and " Black and Tans " was often used as a catch-all term for all police and army groups.
The actions of the Black and Tans alienated public opinion in both Ireland and Great Britain.
The King, senior Anglican bishops, MPs from the Liberal and Labour parties, Oswald Mosley, Jan Smuts, the Trades Union Congress and parts of the press were increasingly critical of the actions of the Black and Tans.
About 7, 000 Black and Tans served in Ireland in 1920 – 22.
A total of 404 members of the Royal Irish Constabulary died in the conflict and more than 600 were wounded but it is not clear how many of these were pre-war RIC men and how many were Black and Tans or Auxiliaries.
At least two former Black and Tans were hanged for murder in Britain and another wanted for murder committed suicide before the police could arrest him.
One of the most famous Irish Republican songs is Dominic Behan's " Come out Ye Black and Tans ".
* " The Black & Tans and Auxiliaries in Ireland, 1920-1921: Their Origins, Roles and Legacy ", by John Ainsworth, 2001
* Black & Tans in Galway ( first hand account and photos )
* Sean Broderick and the Black & Tans ( first hand account and photos from Galway )
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