The Black and Tans () were one of two ad hoc paramilitary units employed by the Royal Irish Constabulary ( RIC ) as Temporary Constables from 1920 to 1921 to suppress revolution in Ireland, the other body being the Auxiliaries.

Although established to target the Irish Republican Army, the Black and Tans became notorious through their numerous attacks on the Irish civilian population.

These uniforms differentiated them from the Army and the Regular RIC, and gave rise to the force's nickname: Christopher O ' Sullivan wrote in the Limerick Echo on 25 March 1920 that, meeting a group of recruits on a train at Limerick Junction, the attire of one reminded him of the Scarteen Hunt, whose " Black and Tans " nickname derived from the coloration of its Kerry Beagles.

The Black and Tans acted with the Auxiliaries in the government's attempts to break the IRA.

In the summer of 1920, the Black and Tans burned and sacked many small towns and villages in Ireland, beginning with Tuam in County Galway in July 1920 and also including Trim, Balbriggan, Knockcroghery, Thurles and Templemore amongst many others.

Finally, the Black and Tans sacked Cork city, on the night of 11 December 1920, destroying a large portion of the city centre.

It said the government, in forming the Black and Tans, had " liberated forces which it is not at present able to dominate ".

Taken together with an increased emphasis on discipline in the RIC, this helped to curb the random atrocities the Black and Tans committed since March 1920 for the remainder of the war, if only because reprisals were now directed from above rather than being the result of a spontaneous desire for revenge.

However, many of the atrocities popularly attributed to the Black and Tans may have been committed by the Auxiliary Division ; and some were committed by Irish RIC men.

However, most Republicans did not make a distinction, and " Black and Tans " was often used as a catch-all term for all police and army groups.

The actions of the Black and Tans alienated public opinion in both Ireland and Great Britain.

The King, senior Anglican bishops, MPs from the Liberal and Labour parties, Oswald Mosley, Jan Smuts, the Trades Union Congress and parts of the press were increasingly critical of the actions of the Black and Tans.

About 7, 000 Black and Tans served in Ireland in 1920 – 22.

A total of 404 members of the Royal Irish Constabulary died in the conflict and more than 600 were wounded but it is not clear how many of these were pre-war RIC men and how many were Black and Tans or Auxiliaries.

At least two former Black and Tans were hanged for murder in Britain and another wanted for murder committed suicide before the police could arrest him.

One of the most famous Irish Republican songs is Dominic Behan's " Come out Ye Black and Tans ".

* " The Black & Tans and Auxiliaries in Ireland, 1920-1921: Their Origins, Roles and Legacy ", by John Ainsworth, 2001

* Black & Tans in Galway ( first hand account and photos )

* Sean Broderick and the Black & Tans ( first hand account and photos from Galway )

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In the prison camp's Black Market civilian clothes were quietly bought and forged papers were devised for him ; ;

By 1783 her legions had managed to annex the Crimea amid scenes of wanton cruelty and now, in this second combat with the Crescent, were aiming at suzerainty over all of the Black Sea's northern shoreline.

To Serenissimus such tribes as the Cossacks of the Don or those ex-bandits the Zaporogian Cossacks ( in whose islands along the lower Dnieper the Polish novelist Sienkiewicz would one day place With Fire And Sword ) were just elements for enforced resettlement in, say, Bessarabia, where, as `` the faithful of the Black Sea borders '', he could use their presence as bargaining points in the Czarina's territorial claims against Turkey.

But it had, as was usual in southern cities of this sort, a Black Bottom, a low region near the river where the Negroes lived -- servants and laborers huddled together in a region with no sewage save the river, where streets and sidewalks were neglected and where there was much poverty and crime.

As controls, other sections were similarly treated with Af or conjugated antiserum to the New York strain of potato yellow-dwarf virus ( Wolcyrz and Black, 1956 ).

And while less than ten years earlier the wayward Black Sox -- all of them top performers in their positions -- had toiled for stingy Charles Comiskey at salaries ranging from twenty-five hundred dollars to forty-five hundred dollars a year, stars now were asking ten thousand dollars, twenty thousand dollars, yes, even fifty thousand dollars a season.

Marc also formed a group with Black Silver called Live Black, but while five of their tracks were released on a demo CD sold at concerts, Live Black's first album has yet to be released.

* In 1990 12 soldiers were sent to Trinidad after a failed coup attempt by radical Black Muslims against the constitutionally elected government headed by Prime Minister A. N. R.

While White and Black children were both instructed in ASL, only Black teachers were permitted to instruct Black deaf children.

* 1921 – Major League Baseball Commissioner Kenesaw Mountain Landis confirms the ban of the eight Chicago Black Sox, the day after they were acquitted by a Chicago court.

Upstream from it and between the Rhine and Abnoba ( in the Black Forest ) are the Ingriones, Intuergi, Vangiones, Caritni and Vispi, some of whom were there since the days of the early empire or before.

On the other side of the northern Black Forest were the Chatti about where Hesse is today, on the lower Main.

* 1991 – Crown Heights riot: Black groups target Hasidic Jews on the streets of Crown Heights in New York, New York during 3 days, after 2 black kids were struck by a car driven by a Hasidic man.

Du Bois ' Black Reconstruction, first published in 1935, historians have noted African American contributions during Reconstruction to founding what were often the first systems of public education and welfare institutions in the South, gave muted praise for Republican efforts to extend suffrage and provide other social institutions, and excoriated Johnson for opposing the extension of basic rights to freedmen.

Amazons were said to have lived in Pontus, which is part of modern day Turkey near the shore of the Euxine Sea ( the Black Sea ).

The birds of Ares ( Ornithes Areioi ) were a flock of feather-dart-dropping birds that guarded the Amazons ' shrine of the god on a coastal island in the Black Sea.

Several scenes of Richard Jobson's 2003 movie " 16 Years of Alcohol " were filmed at the Black Sands in Aberdour.

Similar to other forested regions, the Black Forest has had areas that were annihilated by mass logging.