And both in their objectives of non-discrimination and of social progress they have had ranged against them the Southerners who are called Bourbons.

Jacques-Louis David was, in his time, regarded as the leading painter in France, and arguably all of Western Europe ; many of the painters honored by the restored Bourbons following the French Revolution had been David's pupils.

Austria itself was now facing the direct threat of invasion from across the border in Bavaria where the state's Elector, Maximilian Emanuel, had declared for the Bourbons in August the previous year.

The Bourbons of France held a strong claim to Luxembourg, the Emperor of Austria on the other hand had controlled the duchy until the revolutionary forces had joined it to the French republic ( he reportedly was not enthusiastic about regaining Luxembourg and the Low Countries, being more interested in the Balkans ).

It was in part to pre-empt French objections to this outcome that in 1668, only three years after Charles II had ascended, the then-childless Leopold had agreed to partition Spanish territories between the Bourbons and the Habsburgs, even though Philip IV's will would have entitled him to the entire inheritance.

With regard to the political organization of their kingdoms, Philip issued the Nueva Planta decrees, following the centralizing approach of the Bourbons in France, ending the political autonomy of the kingdoms which had made up the Crown of Aragon ; territories in Spain that had supported the Archduke Charles and up to then had kept their institutions in a framework of loose dynastic union, separate from the rest of the Spanish realm.

In 1761 Pitt had received information from his agents about a secret Bourbon Family Compact by which the Bourbons of France and Spain bound themselves in an offensive alliance against Britain.

Milazzo A July 20, 1860 the firm of Sicily Garibaldi crowned with decisive victory over the Bourbons, who took refuge in the castle, had to capitulate.

Napoleon I abdicated on 11 April, five days after his Senate had invited the Bourbons to re-assume the throne of France.

There was, however, a major underlying problem for the Bourbons: Louis XVIII had failed to purge the military of its Bonapartist troops.

The Allies had initially split on the best candidate for the throne: Britain favoured the Bourbons, the Austrians considered a regency for Napoleon's son, François Bonaparte, and the Russians were open to either the duc d ' Orléans, Louis Philippe, or Jean-Baptiste Bernadotte, Napoleon's former Marshal, who was in line for the Swedish throne.

Louis-Antoine was the first of the next generation of Bourbons, as the King and the Count of Provence had not fathered any children yet, causing the Parisian libellistes ( pamphleteers who published scandalous leaflets about important figures in court and politics ) to lampoon Louis XVI's alleged impotence.

By the late 18th century, the château had fallen into disrepair ; during the French Revolution many of the original furnishings were sold, in the long Revolutionary sales of the contents of all the royal châteaux, intended as a way of raising money for the nation and ensuring that the Bourbons could not return to their comforts.

He had already urged Wellington into active interference in the Greek War of Independence, and he had made several visits to Paris, where he foresaw with great accuracy the impending overthrow of the Bourbons.

A joint Austro-Saxon force under Charles of Lorraine and Count Traun drove Frederick II's Prussian army from Bohemia ; and Piedmont-Sardinia had expelled the Bourbons from northern Italy.

France's precarious position had been stabilized, the Allies were unable to achieve their goal of forcing harsh terms on the Bourbons, and the war continued.

Prior to the fall of Napoleon ( 1814 ) he had been admitted to the council of state, and his position remained unaffected by the restoration of the Bourbons.

The old palace had not been a royal residence for generations, so it was free of any taint associated with the detested Bourbons.

Thereby, as had been customary before the arrival of the Bourbons, the King's eldest daughter Isabella became his heiress presumptive.

There is no direct evidence of it, but the conduct of her close ally Constant may be quoted in its support, and it is certain that she had no affection for the Bourbons.

The 18th century saw a new dynasty, the Bourbons, which directed considerable efforts towards the renewal of state institutions, with some success, finishing in a successful involvement in the American War of Independence.

During the occupation of Naples by the troops of the French Republic, Cimarosa joined the liberal party, but on the return of the Bourbons was imprisoned along with many of his political friends ( some say even condemned to death ).

Later he went to Spain and took part in the Battle of Almansa, a major step in the consolidation of Spain under the Bourbons ( 1707 ), where he achieved some important successes.

After the second restoration of the Bourbons he retired to Brussels, where, probably owing to the intervention of the exiled Jacques-Louis David he got some work under the architect Charles Vander Straeten, who employed him to execute nine bas-reliefs in the palace of Tervuren, now destroyed.

It appears that Baudouin was also a monarchist at heart, as on the 8 October Abetz, the German Ambassador in Paris, wrote to von Ribbentrop that " some ( French ) ministers, such as Alibert, Baudouin and Bouthillier, are hoping for an eventual restoration of the Bourbons ".

The mental malady of Junot thereafter threatened her with ruin ; this perhaps explains why she took some part in the intrigues for bringing back the Bourbons in 1814.

The old Bourbons — who were hardly less racist than the populists who succeeded them — made some attempt to protect the interests of Black people, especially the small middle class and those whose families had been attached to them.

The Bourbons returned to the throne of Naples on 20 May 1815.

After the restoration of the Bourbons ( 1815 ), the liberals were identified with the Orléanists, who rejected the legitimism of the elder branch as well as Bonapartism, which in their view was essentially " democratic Caesarism "-an equal submission of all men to one despotic ruler.

He and his men took no further active part in the campaign and eventually submitted to the Bourbons.

In his anti-Napoleonic pamphlet " De Buonaparte et des Bourbons ", published in 1814, he criticized the cynical attitude towards recruits, that prevailed in the end of Napoleon's reign: " On en était venu à ce point de mépris pour la vie des hommes et pour la France, d ' appeler les conscrits la matière première et la chair à canon " — " the contempt for the lives of men and for France herself has come to the point of calling the conscripts ' the raw material ' and ' the cannon fodder.

Reggio was the capital of Calabria Ulteriore Prima with the Bourbons of Naples from 1759 to 1860.

When the Bourbons were expelled a second time in 1806 and Joseph Bonaparte seized the throne of Naples, he was reinstated in his rank and served in the expedition against the brigands and rebels of Calabria.

Meanwhile the revolutionary parties were conspiring for the overthrow of the Bourbons in Calabria and Sicily, and Giuseppe Garibaldi was preparing for a raid in the south of Italy.

Once the Bourbons inherited the throne of France from the House of Valois in 1589, their dynasts married daughters of even the oldest ducal families of France — let alone noblewomen of lower rank — quite rarely ( viz., Anne de Montafié in 1601, Charlotte Marguerite de Montmorency in 1609 and, in exile from revolutionary France, Maria Caterina Brignole in 1798 ).

Élie, duc Decazes | Élie, 1st comte Decazes, remained loyal to the Bourbons during the Hundred Days and was the most powerful minister from 1818 to 1820

The family of Armagnac held it from 1435 to 1477, when it reverted to the Bourbons.

The Bourbons, led by the prince of Condé and proclaiming that they were liberating the king and regent from " evil " councillors, organised a kind of protectorate over the Protestant churches.

However, once the final restoration of the Bourbons was achieved, he was banished from France for life " as a regicide ".

The Spencers are direct descendants albeit illegitimate of the House of Stuart, with the family boasting at-least five line of direct descendancy from the Stuarts, and from them, the Spencers can trace their ancestry to other royal houses such as the Bourbons, the Medicis, the Wittelsbachs, the Hanovers, the Sforzas, and the Habsburgs.

As the eldest son, he was the heir to the title of Duke of Orléans, head of the House of Orléans which was a cadet branch of the Bourbons of France descended from the only brother of Louis XIV.

However, with the succession of Philip V in 1700, the first of the Spanish Bourbons, women were barred from succession until Ferdinand VII reintroduced the right and designated his eldest daughter Isabella as his heiress presumptive by 1833.

His mother came from the royal dynasty ( the Bourbons ) and Philippe himself was cousin to King Louis XVI.

* 13 May 1713: Philip V, first of the Spanish Bourbons, together with the Cortes, Spain's traditional parliament, through an Auto Accordado changes the order of succession to the Spanish crown from that outlined in the Siete Partidas.

The family of Armagnac held it from 1435 to 1477, when it reverted to the Bourbons, and in 1527 it was seized by King Francis I and became part of the domains of the French crown.

However, in 1815, the Congress of Vienna separated the Duchy of Lucca from Tuscany to give to the Bourbons of Parma in compensation for other losses.

With the direct line of Charles X having become extinct in 1883 with the death of his grandson Henry, Count of Chambord, present-day legitimists also reject headship of the royal dynasty by members of the Orléans branch, arguing that members of the Spanish branch of the Bourbons descending from Philip V of Spain possess a more senior claim.

At the beginning of the nineteenth century, during the British " Protectorate " of Sicily after the escape of the Bourbons from Naples, Sicily began to build towers to resist an invasion by Napoleon's armies led by Joachim Murat.

During the Jules de Polignac ministry ( 1829 – 1830 ), he was again in opposition, being a firm upholder of the Charter, However, after the 1830 July Revolution, he entered an all but solitary protest against the exclusion of the legitimate line of the Bourbons from the throne ( see July Monarchy and Orléanist ), and resigned his seat.

He returned with the Bourbons, and resumed his lectures in 1814 ; but the events of the Hundred Days again compelled him to withdraw into private life, from which he did not emerge until February 1816.

# James I, Count of La Marche ( 1319 – 1362 ), killed at the Battle of Brignais, from whom the later royal Bourbons descend.