Jacques-Louis David was, in his time, regarded as the leading painter in France, and arguably all of Western Europe ; many of the painters honored by the restored Bourbons following the French Revolution had been David's pupils.

With regard to the political organization of their kingdoms, Philip issued the Nueva Planta decrees, following the centralizing approach of the Bourbons in France, ending the political autonomy of the kingdoms which had made up the Crown of Aragon ; territories in Spain that had supported the Archduke Charles and up to then had kept their institutions in a framework of loose dynastic union, separate from the rest of the Spanish realm.

In 1761 Pitt had received information from his agents about a secret Bourbon Family Compact by which the Bourbons of France and Spain bound themselves in an offensive alliance against Britain.

Once the Bourbons inherited the throne of France from the House of Valois in 1589, their dynasts married daughters of even the oldest ducal families of France — let alone noblewomen of lower rank — quite rarely ( viz., Anne de Montafié in 1601, Charlotte Marguerite de Montmorency in 1609 and, in exile from revolutionary France, Maria Caterina Brignole in 1798 ).

Louis XVIII urged Bonaparte to restore the Bourbons to their throne, but the future emperor was immune to Louis's requests and continued to consolidate his position as ruler of France.

Napoleon I abdicated on 11 April, five days after his Senate had invited the Bourbons to re-assume the throne of France.

Allégorie du retour des Bourbons le 24 avril 1814: Louis XVIII relevant la France de ses ruines, by Louis-Philippe Crépin

He also wished the Duchy of Parma to be restored to the Parmese Bourbons, and not to Empress Marie Louise of France, as was being suggested by the Allies.

The future of the Bourbons as kings of France was in still doubt.

Allégorie du retour des Bourbons le 24 avril 1814: Louis XVIII relevant la France de ses ruines, by Louis-Philippe Crépin

When it was restored to France by the Congress of Vienna in 1815, the island retained the name of " Bourbon " until the fall of the restored Bourbons during the French Revolution of 1848, when the island was once again given the name “ Réunion ”.

However, once the final restoration of the Bourbons was achieved, he was banished from France for life " as a regicide ".

When he is approached by a French official willing to negotiate the surrender of a major port, he seizes the opportunity and engineers the return of the Bourbons to France.

The Battle of Malplaquet, fought on 11 September 1709, was one of the main battles of the War of the Spanish Succession, which opposed the Bourbons of France and Spain against an alliance whose major members were the Habsburg Monarchy, Great Britain, the United Provinces and the Kingdom of Prussia.

As the eldest son, he was the heir to the title of Duke of Orléans, head of the House of Orléans which was a cadet branch of the Bourbons of France descended from the only brother of Louis XIV.

In the great conflict of the period between Napoleon I and the Bourbons, Berryer, like his father, was an ardent Legitimist ; and in the spring of 1815, at the opening of the campaign of the Hundred Days, he followed Louis XVIII of France to Ghent as a volunteer.

When the news of the desertion of Chartres and Dumouriez reached Paris, all the Bourbons left in France, including Philippe-Égalité, were arrested on 5 April 1793.

A 1987 attempt by the Orleanist heir ( and other Bourbons, none of the elder branch ) to contest Louis-Alphonse's use of the Anjou title and to deny him use of the plain coat of arms of France was dismissed by the French courts in March 1989 for lack of jurisdiction ( the courts did not address the merits of the claims ).

With their armies reorganized, they drove Napoleon out of Germany in 1813 and invaded France in 1814, forcing Napoleon to abdicate and restoring the Bourbons.

On the first restoration in 1814 he submitted unwillingly to the Bourbons, and when Napoleon returned to France, he hastened to join him.

In his anti-Napoleonic pamphlet " De Buonaparte et des Bourbons ", published in 1814, he criticized the cynical attitude towards recruits, that prevailed in the end of Napoleon's reign: " On en était venu à ce point de mépris pour la vie des hommes et pour la France, d ' appeler les conscrits la matière première et la chair à canon " — " the contempt for the lives of men and for France herself has come to the point of calling the conscripts ' the raw material ' and ' the cannon fodder.

The family of Armagnac held it from 1435 to 1477, when it reverted to the Bourbons.

The family of Armagnac held it from 1435 to 1477, when it reverted to the Bourbons, and in 1527 it was seized by King Francis I and became part of the domains of the French crown.

The title of King of Navarre continued to be held by the lineage of the Albrets and the Bourbons up to the French Revolution, while the kingdom itself merged with France in 1620.

The family of Armagnac held it from 1435 to 1477, when it reverted to the Bourbons.

By the 18th century, members of the Bourbon dynasty also held thrones in Spain and southern Italy ; other Bourbons held important duchies.

After the first restoration Dessaix held a command under the Bourbons.

This post she held until it was abolished at the restoration of the Bourbons in 1814, when she retired to Mantes, where she spent the rest of her life amid the kind attentions of affectionate friends, but saddened by the loss of her only son, and by the calumnies circulated on account of her connexion with the Bonapartes.

With the direct line of Charles X having become extinct in 1883 with the death of his grandson Henry, Count of Chambord, present-day legitimists also reject headship of the royal dynasty by members of the Orléans branch, arguing that members of the Spanish branch of the Bourbons descending from Philip V of Spain possess a more senior claim.

In 1812 he exhibited " Cain after the murder of Abel " ( formerly in Luxembourg ), and, on the return of the Bourbons, was much employed in works of restoration and decoration at Versailles.

On the invitation of Emperor Francis I of Austria, the Bourbons moved to Prague in winter 1832 / 33 and were given lodging at the Hradschin Palace by the Emperor.

Upon the death of Emperor Francis in March 1835, the Bourbons left Prague Castle as the new Emperor Ferdinand wished to use it for his coronation.

The kingdoms of Castile and Aragon ( and Navarre ) remained in personal union until their jurisdictional unification in the early 18th century by the Bourbons while Charles abdicated as Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire in favor of his brother Ferdinand and the personal union with the Spanish kingdoms was dissolved.

During the Napoleonic Wars, the French Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte forced Ferdinand VII to abdicate in 1808 and the Bourbons became a focus of popular resistance against French rule.

Austria itself was now facing the direct threat of invasion from across the border in Bavaria where the state's Elector, Maximilian Emanuel, had declared for the Bourbons in August the previous year.

The Duchy of Parma went to Austria whereas Charles of Parma took the crowns of Naples and Sicily, resulting in territorial gains for the Bourbons.

Austria refused to sanction it, fearing that Tuscany would fall into the Bourbons ' hands.

The Bourbons ruled until 1859, when they were driven out by a revolution following the French and Sardinian victory in the war against Austria ( called Austrian War in France and Second War of Independence in Italy ).

Luxembourg's fortress, located on a rocky outcrop known as the Bock, was steadily enlarged and strengthened over the years by successive owners, among others the Bourbons, Habsburgs and Hohenzollerns, which made it one of the strongest fortresses on the European continent.

Later on, the Kingdom of Sicily lasted between 1130 and 1816, subordinated to the crowns of Aragon, Spain, the Holy Roman Empire, and finally the Bourbons, as the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies.

During the occupation of Naples by the troops of the French Republic, Cimarosa joined the liberal party, but on the return of the Bourbons was imprisoned along with many of his political friends ( some say even condemned to death ).

The prospect of Bourbons on both the French and Spanish thrones was resisted as creating an imbalance of power in Europe by its dominant regimes and, upon Charles II's death on 1 November 1700, a Grand Alliance of European nations united against Philip.

The Bourbons returned to the throne of Naples on 20 May 1815.

When Kerr announced his resignation as Governor-General on 14 July 1977, Whitlam commented, " How fitting that the last of the Bourbons should bow out on Bastille Day.

Murat never actually wrote to Napoleon, but Louis, intent on restoring the Neapolitan Bourbons at any cost, forged the correspondence, and subsidised the Austrian expedition with 25 million francs.

The Allies had initially split on the best candidate for the throne: Britain favoured the Bourbons, the Austrians considered a regency for Napoleon's son, François Bonaparte, and the Russians were open to either the duc d ' Orléans, Louis Philippe, or Jean-Baptiste Bernadotte, Napoleon's former Marshal, who was in line for the Swedish throne.

The Bourbons first moved to Teplitz, but as Ferdinand wanted to use Prague Castle on a more permanent basis, they purchased Kirchberg Castle.

France's precarious position had been stabilized, the Allies were unable to achieve their goal of forcing harsh terms on the Bourbons, and the war continued.

A large group of Legitimists on the right demanded the restoration of the Bourbons to the throne.

There Mme de Récamier was on exceedingly good terms with Joachim Murat and his wife Caroline Bonaparte, who were then intriguing with the Bourbons.

This decision proved fortunate, since during the Reign of Terror that followed many of the Bourbons still living in France were arrested, put on trial and guillotined: King Louis XVI, Queen Marie Antoinette and the Duke of Orleans ( Philippe Égalité ) were executed in 1793, and the king's sister, Madame Élisabeth, was beheaded in 1794.

He returned to Naples as captain on Masséna's staff to fight the Bourbons and the Austrians in 1806, and subsequently went to Spain, where he followed Joseph Bonaparte in his retreat from Madrid.

A prison camp was created under the Bourbons and restructured under Benito Mussolini on the island of Santo Stefano, where up to 700 opponents, including 400 communists, were incarcerated between 1939 and 1943.

Bosio's quadriga on the Arc de Triomphe du Carrousel, Paris, commemorating the Bourbon Dynasty, Restored | Restoration of the Bourbons.

They were completely reactionary on the Negro question and stood with the Bourbons in disregarding the principles of the Fifteenth Amendment.

Her mother having been one of the sisters of the last dukes of the main branch of Bourbon, after the death of Suzanne, Duchess of Bourbon, in 1521, Louise, on basis of proximity of blood, advanced claims to the Duchy of Auvergne and other possessions of the Bourbons.