The Sarum or Salisbury Breviary itself was very widely used.

This is generally known as the Breviarium Alaricianum or Breviary of Alaric.

The title Breviary, as we employ it — that is, a book containing the entire canonical office — appears to date from the eleventh century.

This is pointed out, however, simply to make still clearer the meaning and origin of the word ; and section V will furnish a more detailed explanation of the formation of the Breviary.

The Breviary rightly so called, however, only dates from the 11th century ; the earliest MS. containing the whole canonical office is of the year 1099 and is in the Mazarin library.

# the Mozarabic Breviary, once in use throughout all Spain, but now confined to a single foundation at Toledo ; it is remarkable for the number and length of its hymns, and for the fact that the majority of its collects are addressed to God the Son ;

The Roman Breviary has undergone several revisions: The most remarkable of these is that by Francis Quignonez, cardinal of Santa Croce in Gerusalemme ( 1536 ), which, though not accepted by Rome ( it was approved by Clement VII and Paul III, and permitted as a substitute for the unrevised Breviary, until Pius V in 1568 excluded it as too short and too modern, and issued a reformed edition ( Breviarium Pianum, Pian Breviary ) of the old Breviary ), formed the model for the still more thorough reform made in 1549 by the Church of England, whose daily morning and evening services are but a condensation and simplification of the Breviary offices.

In Scotland the only one which has survived the convulsions of the 16th century is Aberdeen Breviary, a Scottish form of the Sarum Office ( the Sarum Rite was much favoured in Scotland as a kind of protest against the jurisdiction claimed by the diocese of York ), revised by William Elphinstone ( bishop 1483 – 1514 ), and printed at Edinburgh by Walter Chapman and Andrew Myllar in 1509 – 1510.

This psalm book is the very backbone of the Breviary, the groundwork of the Catholic prayer-book ; out of it have grown the antiphons, responsories and versicles.

One of his hymns, on Mary Magdalene, is included in the Breviary.

In the Roman Catholic Church, the twelve minor prophets are read in the Breviary during the fourth and fifth weeks of November, which are the last two weeks of the liturgical year, and his feast day is January 15.

The 27 December feast is found in the Syriac Breviary of the end of the 4th century and the Martyrology of Jerome.

There is some conjecture that he was a martyr in Rome, a conjecture that entered earlier editions of the Breviary.

Their own spiritual sacrifice is key, including the celebration of the mystery of the Holy Eucharist — the greatest task of priests — and the recitation of the Divine office ( see Breviary ), the voice of the Church, together with Christ, making intercession.

The Breviary of Alaric ( Breviarium Alaricianum or Lex Romana Visigothorum ) is a collection of Roman law, compiled by order of Alaric II, King of the Visigoths, with the advice of his bishops and nobles.

From the circumstance that the Breviarium has prefixed to it a royal rescript ( commonitorium ) directing that copies of it, certified under the hand of Anianus, should be received exclusively as law throughout the kingdom of the Visigoths, the compilation of the code has been attributed to Anianus by many writers, and it is frequently designated the Breviary of Anianus ( Breviarium Aniani ).

Isidore's view of Roman law in the fifth book is viewed through the lens of the Visigothic compendiary called the Breviary of Alaric, which was based on the Code of Theodosius, which Isidore never saw.

There is an entire rearrangement of the psalms ( see Reform of the Roman Breviary by Pope Pius X ) with new ones appointed for each day of the week.

On 9 July 1568, Pope Pius V, the successor of the Pope who closed the Council of Trent, promulgated an edition, known as the Roman Breviary, with his Apostolic Constitution Quod a nobis, imposing it in the same way in which, two years later, he imposed his Roman Missal and using language very similar to that in the bull Quo primum with which he promulgated the Missal, regarding, for instance, the perpetual force of its provisions, the obligation to use the promulgated text in all places, and the total prohibition of adding or omitting anything, declaring in fact: " No one whosoever is permitted to alter this letter or heedlessly to venture to go contrary to this notice of Our permission, statute, ordinance, command, precept, grant, indult declaration, will decree and prohibition.

* The Sarum Breviary ( The Sarum Usage is a subset of the Roman Rite )

The Hour of Compline, such as it appeared in the Roman Breviary prior to the Second Vatican Council, may be divided into several parts, viz.

The first step in the evolution of the Breviary was the separation of the Psalter into a choir-book.

To overcome the inconvenience of using such a library the Breviary came into existence and use.

Gregory VII ( pope 1073 – 1085 ), too, simplified the liturgy as performed at the Roman court, and gave his abridgment the name of Breviary, which thus came to denote a work which from another point of view might be called a Plenary, involving as it did the collection of several works into one.

The complete pre-Pius X Roman Breviary was translated into English ( by the marquess of Bute in 1879 ; new ed.

2-7 sometimes divide a verse of the Bible into two verses, thus increasing the number of Breviary verses.

" Anglican monks recite the Divine Office in choir daily, either the full eight services of the Breviary or the four offices found in the Book of Common Prayer and celebrate the Eucharist daily.

The revisions during Osmund's episcopate resulted in the compilation of a new Missal, Breviary, and other liturgical manuals, which came to be used throughout southern England, Wales, and parts of Ireland.

These reformed French Breviaries — e. g. the Paris Breviary of 1680 by Archbishop François de Harlay ( 1625 – 1695 ) and that of 1736 by Archbishop Charles Gaspard Guillaume de Vintimille ( 1655 – 1746 )— show a deep knowledge of Holy Scripture, and much careful adaptation of different texts.

However, since Cardinal Quignonez's attempt to reform the Breviary employed this principle — albeit with no regard to the traditional scheme — such notions had floated around in the western Church, and can particularly be seen in the Paris Breviary.

Every cleric in Holy Orders and every member of a religious order must publicly join in or privately read aloud ( i. e. using the lips as well as the eyes — it takes about two hours in this way ) the whole of the Breviary services allotted for each day.

In liturgical language Breviary has a special meaning, indicating a book furnishing the regulations for the celebration of Mass or the canonical Office, and may be met with under the titles Breviarium Ecclesiastici Ordinis, or Breviarium Ecclesiæ Rominsæ ( Romanæ ).

In 1902, under Leo XIII, a commission under the presidency of Monsignor Louis Duchesne was appointed to consider the Breviary, the Missal, the Pontifical and the Ritual.

A similar table, but adapted to the reformed calendar and in more convenient shape, is found at the beginning of every Breviary and Missal under the heading " Tabula Paschalis nova reformata ".

In addition to the ten canticles enumerated above the Roman Breviary places in its index, under the heading " Cantica ", the " Te Deum " ( at the end of Matins for Sundays and Festivals, but there styled " Hymnus SS.

Augustine, Hilary, Athanasius, Isidore, Gregory the Great and others, and formed part of the library of which the Breviary was the ultimate compendium.

But apart from racial problems, the old unreconstructed South -- to use the moderate words favored by Mr. Thomas Griffith -- finds itself unsympathetic to most of what is different about the civilization of the North.

A new order is thrusting itself into being.

I knew that a conversation with the author would not settle such questions, because a man is not the same as his writing: in the last analysis, the questions had to be settled by the work itself.

That is why the form itself becomes a preoccupation, because it exists as a problem separate from the material it accommodates.

For Plato, `` imitation '' is twice removed from reality, being a poor copy of physical appearance, which in itself is a poor copy of ideal essence.

Mimesis is the nearest possible thing to the actual re-living of experience, in which the imagining person recovers through images something of the force and depth characteristic of experience itself.

No consideration of risk urges itself upon him now: for this is what the mind does with the ideas on which it has not properly focussed.

The liberal-conservative division, we might observe in passing, is not of itself directly involved in a private interest conflict nor even in struggle between ruling groups.

Thus in both types attention is focused on the community itself, and its phenomenological life.

Its ontological status is itself most tenuous because apart from individual men, who are its `` matter '', tradition, the `` form '' of society exists only as a shared perception of truth.

The most reaction can achieve is stasis, and a stasis that can be maintained only by the expenditure of an effort which ultimately exhausts itself.

Despite the hopelessness of the response, it is explicable in terms of the crisis of tradition itself.

Thus, circular motion is itself one of the essential characteristics of completely perfect celestial existence.

In any case but the last, such a course is sure to avenge itself upon the individual ; ;

It is world-wide knowledge that any power which might be tempted today to attack the United States by surprise, even though we might sustain great losses, would itself promptly suffer a terrible destruction.

Outstanding among these is the idea of human nature itself, including the many definitions that have been advanced over the centuries ; ;

The complexities of Venetian politics eluded him, but the story of the revolution itself is told in restrained measures, with no superfluous passages and only an occasional overemphasis of the part played by its leading figure.

A tragedy, by his definition, is an imitation of an action that is serious, of a certain magnitude, and complete in itself.

the mere fact that he was selected, though as a substitute, to act as interlocutor or moderator for it, or perhaps we should say with Buck as ' father of the act ', is in itself a difficult phase of his development to grasp.

One such event is the landing in Europe itself, when the mingled familiarity and strangeness of the Occident, after the blank immensities of Asia, shocks the returning traveller into a realization of the infinite possibilities of human life.

Since Laos is of no more purely military value to Moscow itself than it is to Washington, this approach might be expected to head off Mr. Khrushchev for the moment.

It happens in the territory of the Leopoldville government, which is itself a fiction, demonstrably incapable of governing, and commanding only such limited credit abroad as UN support gives it.