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The Bronze Age civilization at its final period of time, displayed all its characteristic social traits: low level of urbanization, small cities centered around temples or royal palaces, strict separation of classes between an illiterate mass of peasants and craftsmen, and a powerful military elite, knowledge of writing and education reserved to a tiny minority of scribes, and pronounced aristocratic life.
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Bronze and Age
The Late Bronze Age ( from 1700 to 1200 BCE ) Hittite and Hurrian Aplu was a god of plague, invoked during plague years.
In the Middle Bronze Age an apparently " alphabetic " system known as the Proto-Sinaitic script is thought by some to have been developed in the Sinai peninsula during the 19th century BC, by Canaanite workers in the Egyptian turquoise mines.
) Adobe brickmaking was used in Spain starting by the Late Bronze Age and Iron Age, from the eighth century B. C.
It contained the winter solstice in the Early Bronze Age.
The subsequent Bronze Age civilizations of Greece and the Aegean Sea have given rise to the general term Aegean civilization.
During the Late Bronze Age circa 2000 BC, they created an empire, the Hittite New Kingdom, which reached its height in the 14th century BC, controlling much of Asia Minor.
Beginning with the Bronze Age Collapse at the end of the 2nd millennium BC, the west coast of Anatolia was settled by Ionian Greeks, usurping the related but earlier Mycenaean Greeks.
The earliest anchors were probably rocks, and many rock anchors have been found dating from at least the Bronze Age.
Agate is one of the most common materials used in the art of hardstone carving, and has been recovered at a number of ancient sites, indicating its widespread use in the ancient world ; for example, archaeological recovery at the Knossos site on Crete illustrates its role in Bronze Age Minoan culture.
In 396, he wiped out the last remnants of the Mysteries at Eleusis in Attica, ending a tradition of esoteric religious ceremonies that had lasted since the Bronze Age.
Though there was no Bronze Age city on the site, archaeology has detected human activity that is evident from the earliest Iron Age, circa 1100 BC.
Their non-Greek language is confirmed on the site by inscriptions in the Cypriot syllabary which alone in the Aegean world survived the Bronze Age collapse and continued to be used down to the 4th century BC.
A special burial ground for infants, a tophetAgelarakis A., “ The Amathous ( tophet ) cremations in Cyprus ”, In D. Christou on “ Human Cremations at the Western Necropolis of Amathous ” < Cremations in Bronze and Early Iron Age >, Proceedings of Int.
* The Greek Age of Bronze weapons and warfare
In Scandinavia the amber road probably gave rise to the thriving Nordic Bronze Age culture, bringing influences from the Mediterranean Sea to the northernmost countries of Europe.
There is little doubt that a Mycenaean megaron stood upon the hill during the late Bronze Age.
Near the location of the present train station, the ruins of a settlement from the Bronze Age ( about 1000 BC ) have been excavated.
Aegean civilization is a general term for the Bronze Age civilizations of Greece around the Aegean Sea.
Crete is associated with the Minoan civilization from the Early Bronze Age.
A map of Cyprus in the later Bronze Age ( such as is given by J. L. Myres and M. O. Richter in Catalogue of the Cyprus Museum ) shows more than 25 settlements in and about the Mesaorea district alone, of which one, that at Enkomi, near the site of Salamis, has yielded the richest Aegean treasure in precious metal found outside Mycenae.
Dating to the Greek Bronze Age ( 13th century BC ), it is one of the oldest arch bridges still in existence and use.
It is hard and brittle, and it was particularly significant in antiquity, so much so that the Bronze Age was named after the metal.
Though bronze is generally harder than wrought iron, with Vickers hardness of 60 – 258 vs. 30 – 80, the Bronze Age gave way to the Iron Age ; this happened because iron was easier to find and easier to process.
Bronze and civilization
An ancient civilization can be in the Bronze Age either by smelting its own copper and alloying with tin, or by trading for bronze from production areas elsewhere.
The Bronze Age on the Indian subcontinent began around 3300 BC with the beginning of the Indus Valley civilization.
Climatically, the Holocene may be divided evenly into the Hypsithermal and Neoglacial periods ; the boundary coincides with the start of the Bronze Age in European civilization.
This Bronze Age civilization collapsed before the end of the second millennium BCE and was followed by the Iron Age Vedic Civilization, which extended over much of the Indo-Gangetic plain and which witnessed the rise of major polities known as the Mahajanapadas.
The Indus Valley Civilization ( IVC ) was a Bronze Age civilization ( 3300 – 1300 BCE ; mature period 2600 – 1900 BCE ) which was centred mostly in the western part of the Indian Subcontinent, considered as early form of Hinduism performed during this civilization.
Increasingly, the Iron Age in Europe is being seen as a part of the Bronze Age collapse in the ancient Near East, in ancient India ( with the post-Rigvedic Vedic civilization ), ancient Iran, and ancient Greece ( with the Greek Dark Ages ).
Widely considered to be the cradle of civilization in the West, Bronze Age Mesopotamia included Sumer and the Akkadian, Babylonian and Assyrian empires, all native to the territory of modern-day Iraq.
Technically more advanced exceptions include the Korsars ( corsairs ), a maritime raiding society descended from surface-world pirates, and the Xexots, an indigenous Bronze Age civilization.
This Bronze Age civilization thrived between 3000 to 2000 BC, and reached its peak in the period 2000 to 1580 BC.
* 500 BC — Signifies the end of the Nordic Bronze Age civilization in Oscar Montelius periodization system and begins the Pre-Roman Iron Age.
This civilization seems to have fallen into decline by the late Bronze Age, when, according to Herodotus, Macedonian tribes from the north marched into Peloponnese, where they were called Dorians and subjugating the local tribes, settled there.
Along with Heinrich Schliemann, Evans was a pioneer in the study of Aegean civilization in the Bronze Age.
The Bactria-Margiana Archaeological Complex ( BMAC, also known as the " Oxus civilization ") is the modern archaeological designation for a Bronze Age culture of Central Asia, dated to ca.
The Indus Valley Civilization ( IVC ) was a Bronze Age civilization ( 3300 – 1300 BCE ; mature period 2600 – 1900 BCE ) that was located in the northwestern region of the Indian subcontinent, consisting of what is now mainly present-day Pakistan and northwest India.
)</ ref >) was an ancient civilization and historical region in southern Mesopotamia, modern Iraq during the Chalcolithic and Early Bronze Age.
Located in Sardinia and Corsica, the nuraghe civilization lasted from the early Bronze Age ( 18th century BC ) to the 2nd century AD, when the islands were already Romanized.
The first truly influential part of history in Vietnam occurred during the Bronze Age, when the Đông Sơn culture dramatically advanced the civilization.
The civilization of Los Millares and its Bronze Age successor, El Argar, are particularly related to this burial style.
* The most famous relic of the region's pre-Roman civilization is the Bronze Liver of Piacenza, an Etruscan bronze model of a sheep's liver dating from the end of the 2nd century to the beginning of the 1st century BCE.
Mainstream Greek religion appears to have evolved from the earlier Mycenaean religion from the Mycenaean civilization of Bronze Age Greece.
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