* Bronze Bauhinia Star, the lowest rank in Order of the Bauhinia Star, an honours system Hong Kong

The Bronze Star Medal or Bronze Star is an individual military decoration of the United States Armed Forces that may be awarded for acts of heroism, acts of merit, or meritorious service in a combat zone.

The Bronze Star Medal was established by Executive Order 9419, 4 February 1944 ( superseded by Executive Order 11046, 24 August 1962, as amended by Executive Order 13286, 28 February 2003 ).

The Bronze Star Medal may be awarded by the Secretary of a military department or the Secretary of Homeland Security with regard to the Coast Guard when not operating as a service in the Navy, or by such military commanders, or other appropriate officers as the Secretary concerned may designate, to any person who, while serving in any capacity in or with the Army, Navy, Marine Corps, Air Force, or Coast Guard of the United States, after 6 December 1941, distinguishes, or has distinguished, himself by heroic or meritorious achievement or service, not involving participation in aerial flight —

The Bronze Star Medal is awarded only to service members in combat who are receiving imminent danger pay.

Documents executed since 4 August 1944 in connection with recommendations for the award of decorations of higher degree than the Bronze Star Medal cannot be used as the basis for an award under this paragraph.

The Bronze Star Medal was conceived by Colonel Russell P. " Red " Reeder in 1943, who believed it would aid morale if there was a medal which could be awarded by captains of companies or batteries to deserving people serving under them.

President Roosevelt authorized the Bronze Star Medal by Executive Order 9419 dated 4 February 1944, retroactive to 7 December 1941.

Since the award criteria state that the Bronze Star Medal may be awarded to " any person ... while serving in any capacity in or with " the U. S. Armed Forces, awards to members of foreign armed services serving with the United States are permitted.

Thus, a number of Allied soldiers received the Bronze Star Medal in World War II, as well as U. N. soldiers in the Korean War, Vietnamese and allied forces in the Vietnam War, and coalition forces in recent military operations such as the Gulf War, Operation Enduring Freedom and the Iraq War.

A number of Bronze Star Medals with the " V " device were awarded to veterans of the Battle of Mogadishu.

As a result of a study conducted in 1947, the policy was implemented that authorized the retroactive award of the Bronze Star Medal ( w / o " V ") to soldiers who had received the Combat Infantryman Badge or the Combat Medical Badge during World War II.

The basis for doing this was that the badges were awarded only to soldiers who had borne the hardships which resulted in General Marshall's support of the Bronze Star Medal.

In 2012, the US Air Force alleged that two of its female airmen were subjected to cyber-bullying after receiving Bronze Star Medals for meritorious non-combat service.

The awards sparked a debate as to whether or not the Air Force was awarding too many medals to its members, and whether the Bronze Star should be awarded for non-combat service.

The Air Force contended that meritorious service awards of the Bronze Star outnumber valor awards, and that it views awards on a case-by-case basis to maintain the integrity of the award.

The Department of Defense investigated the award of the Bronze Star Medal ( BSM ) by the USAF to some 185 individuals after operations in Kosovo in 1999.

The Bronze Star Medal was designed by Rudolf Freund ( 1878 – 1960 ) of jewelry firm Bailey, Banks & Biddle.

The Bronze Star Medal is a bronze star in circumscribing diameter.

Additional awards of the Bronze Star Medal are denoted by oak leaf clusters in the Army and Air Force and 5 / 16 inch stars in the Navy, Marine Corps, and Coast Guard.

The Bronze Star Medal with the " V " device is the United States military's fourth highest award for valor.

* Category: Recipients of the Bronze Star Medal

it: Bronze Star Medal

no: Bronze Star Medal

Category: Recipients of the Bronze Star Medal

Category: Recipients of the Bronze Star Medal

As a lieutenant from HMS Agincourt during the Egyptian war, he commanded a rifle company in the Naval Brigade at Ismailia and earned the Egyptian Medal and the Khedive's Bronze Star for this action.

Category: Recipients of the Bronze Star Medal

Paiste also use a secret Bronze alloy in their top-end cymbal ranged, thought to be B12 or B14, adding brightness without much compromise on strength

Bronze has several characteristics that made it preferable as a construction material: although it is relatively expensive, does not always alloy well, and can result in a final product that is " spongy about the bore ", bronze is more flexible than iron and therefore less prone to bursting when exposed to high pressure ; cast iron cannon are less expensive and more durable generally than bronze and withstand being fired more times without deteriorating.

At the end of this period a new landscape emerges: the northern Canaanite cities still existed, more or less intact, and became the Phoenicians ; the highlands behind the coastal plains, previously largely uninhabited, were rapidly filling with villages, largely Canaanite in their basic culture but without the Bronze Age city-state structure ; and along the southern coastal plain there are clear signs that a non-Canaanite people had taken over the former Canaanite cities while adopting almost all aspects of Canaanite culture.

These date, without interruption, from Neolithic times ( 5th-4th millennium BC ) to the Bronze Age ( 2nd-1st millennium BC ), the Gallic phases ( 2nd-1st C. BC ) and end with Roman residential settlements, which can be dated to the 3rd century AD.

During the Bronze Age in this region, the Kârum was a portion of the city that was set aside by local officials for the early Assyrian merchants to use without paying taxes, as long as the goods remained inside the kârum.

Bronze coins found on the site form a series beginning with Hyrcanus 1 ( 135-104 BCE ) and continue without a gap until the first Jewish revolt ( 66 – 73 CE ).

* Among the sexual depictions in Neolithic and Bronze Age drawings and figurines from the Mediterranean are, as one author describes it, a " third sex " human figure having female breasts and male genitals or without distinguishing sex characteristics.

Carl Eric Östenberg summarized them as: I ( 1350 / 1300-1250 ), II ( 1250-1150 ), III ( 1150-1000 ), IVA ( 1000-850 ) and IVB ( 850-800 ); that is, the Apenninic there is Late Bronze Age persisting to 800 BC without the Villanovan.

Regardless of specific chronology, many European Neolithic groups share basic characteristics, such as living in small-scale, family-based communities, more egalitarian than the city-states and Chiefdoms of the Bronze Age, subsisting on domestic plants and animals supplemented with the collection of wild plant foods and hunting, and producing hand-made pottery, without the aid of the potter's wheel.

Objects discovered at the sites suggest that the Pre-Roman Iron Age cultures evolved without a major break out of the Nordic Bronze Age, but that there were strong influences from the Celtic Iron-Age Hallstatt culture in Central Europe.

Smotherlaw Barrow is a scheduled monument which was thought to be the site of a castle in 1902, although by 1992 it was understood to be an elongated mound without a ditch, reduced by ploughing and probably a Bronze Age burial mound.

It will take a participant at least 12 months to complete their Silver DofE programme without a Bronze Award.

It will take a participant at least 18 months to complete their Gold DofE programme without a Silver Award, even if they have already achieved a Bronze Award.

New measurements made in February 2005 showed that Møllehøj was higher than both Yding Skovhøj ( 172. 66 m including a Bronze Age burial mound on its summit, 170. 77 m without ) in Horsens municipality or Ejer Bavnehøj which had both been thought higher.

For years they were known as the band who were featured in more episodes than any other band in Buffy the Vampire Slayer, without actually physically playing in the fictional club ( the Bronze ) in the show.

Russell proposes different hypothetical historical backgrounds to each tradition: the tradition from Israel, which involves a journey from Egypt to the region of Bethel, he suggests is a memory of herders who could move to and from Egypt in times of crisis ; for the Trans-Jordanian tradition, which focuses on deliverance from Egypt without a journey, he suggests a memory of the withdrawal of Egyptian control at the end of the Late Bronze Age ; and for Judah, whose tradition is preserved in the Song of the Sea, he suggests the celebration of a military victory over Egypt, although it is impossible to suggest what this victory may have been.

The Villanovan culture was the earliest Iron Age culture of central and northern Italy, abruptly following the Bronze Age Terramare culture and giving way in the 7th century BC to an increasingly orientalizing culture influenced by Greek traders, which was followed without a severe break by the Etruscan civilization.

Spike and Anya bond over a couple beers at the Bronze, complaining about what it's like to be without their harmful demon powers.

From June 1940 until the end of that year he flew continually without leave, and was awarded another Bronze medal and two Medaglia d ' argento.