* Bronze Bauhinia Star, the lowest rank in Order of the Bauhinia Star, an honours system Hong Kong

The Bronze Star Medal or Bronze Star is an individual military decoration of the United States Armed Forces that may be awarded for acts of heroism, acts of merit, or meritorious service in a combat zone.

The Bronze Star Medal may be awarded by the Secretary of a military department or the Secretary of Homeland Security with regard to the Coast Guard when not operating as a service in the Navy, or by such military commanders, or other appropriate officers as the Secretary concerned may designate, to any person who, while serving in any capacity in or with the Army, Navy, Marine Corps, Air Force, or Coast Guard of the United States, after 6 December 1941, distinguishes, or has distinguished, himself by heroic or meritorious achievement or service, not involving participation in aerial flight —

The Bronze Star Medal is awarded only to service members in combat who are receiving imminent danger pay.

The Bronze Star Medal ( without the " V " device ) may be awarded to each member of the Armed Forces of the United States who, after 6 December 1941, was cited in orders or awarded a certificate for exemplary conduct in ground combat against an armed enemy after 7 December 1941.

Documents executed since 4 August 1944 in connection with recommendations for the award of decorations of higher degree than the Bronze Star Medal cannot be used as the basis for an award under this paragraph.

The Bronze Star Medal was conceived by Colonel Russell P. " Red " Reeder in 1943, who believed it would aid morale if there was a medal which could be awarded by captains of companies or batteries to deserving people serving under them.

President Roosevelt authorized the Bronze Star Medal by Executive Order 9419 dated 4 February 1944, retroactive to 7 December 1941.

Since the award criteria state that the Bronze Star Medal may be awarded to " any person ... while serving in any capacity in or with " the U. S. Armed Forces, awards to members of foreign armed services serving with the United States are permitted.

Thus, a number of Allied soldiers received the Bronze Star Medal in World War II, as well as U. N. soldiers in the Korean War, Vietnamese and allied forces in the Vietnam War, and coalition forces in recent military operations such as the Gulf War, Operation Enduring Freedom and the Iraq War.

A number of Bronze Star Medals with the " V " device were awarded to veterans of the Battle of Mogadishu.

As a result of a study conducted in 1947, the policy was implemented that authorized the retroactive award of the Bronze Star Medal ( w / o " V ") to soldiers who had received the Combat Infantryman Badge or the Combat Medical Badge during World War II.

The basis for doing this was that the badges were awarded only to soldiers who had borne the hardships which resulted in General Marshall's support of the Bronze Star Medal.

In 2012, the US Air Force alleged that two of its female airmen were subjected to cyber-bullying after receiving Bronze Star Medals for meritorious non-combat service.

The awards sparked a debate as to whether or not the Air Force was awarding too many medals to its members, and whether the Bronze Star should be awarded for non-combat service.

The Air Force contended that meritorious service awards of the Bronze Star outnumber valor awards, and that it views awards on a case-by-case basis to maintain the integrity of the award.

The Department of Defense investigated the award of the Bronze Star Medal ( BSM ) by the USAF to some 185 individuals after operations in Kosovo in 1999.

The Bronze Star Medal was designed by Rudolf Freund ( 1878 – 1960 ) of jewelry firm Bailey, Banks & Biddle.

The Bronze Star Medal is a bronze star in circumscribing diameter.

Additional awards of the Bronze Star Medal are denoted by oak leaf clusters in the Army and Air Force and 5 / 16 inch stars in the Navy, Marine Corps, and Coast Guard.

The Bronze Star Medal with the " V " device is the United States military's fourth highest award for valor.

* Category: Recipients of the Bronze Star Medal

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Category: Recipients of the Bronze Star Medal

Category: Recipients of the Bronze Star Medal

As a lieutenant from HMS Agincourt during the Egyptian war, he commanded a rifle company in the Naval Brigade at Ismailia and earned the Egyptian Medal and the Khedive's Bronze Star for this action.

Category: Recipients of the Bronze Star Medal

The Late Bronze Age ( from 1700 to 1200 BCE ) Hittite and Hurrian Aplu was a god of plague, invoked during plague years.

) Adobe brickmaking was used in Spain starting by the Late Bronze Age and Iron Age, from the eighth century B. C.

Beginning with the Bronze Age Collapse at the end of the 2nd millennium BC, the west coast of Anatolia was settled by Ionian Greeks, usurping the related but earlier Mycenaean Greeks.

Bronze, an alloy of copper and tin, was the first alloy discovered, during the prehistoric period now known as the bronze age ; it was harder than pure copper and originally used to make tools and weapons, but was later superseded by metals and alloys with better properties.

Though there was no Bronze Age city on the site, archaeology has detected human activity that is evident from the earliest Iron Age, circa 1100 BC.

It is hard and brittle, and it was particularly significant in antiquity, so much so that the Bronze Age was named after the metal.

Though bronze is generally harder than wrought iron, with Vickers hardness of 60 – 258 vs. 30 – 80, the Bronze Age gave way to the Iron Age ; this happened because iron was easier to find and easier to process.

Bronze was still used during the Iron Age ; for example, officers in the Roman army had bronze swords while foot soldiers had iron ; but, for many purposes, the weaker wrought iron was found to be sufficiently strong.

Bronze was especially suitable for use in boat and ship fittings prior to the wide employment of stainless steel owing to its combination of toughness and resistance to salt water corrosion.

The later usage was in part attributed to the choices of gold, silver and bronze to represent the first three Ages of Man in Greek mythology: the Golden Age, when men lived among the gods ; the Silver age, where youth lasted a hundred years ; and the Bronze Age, the era of heroes, and was first adopted at the 1904 Summer Olympics.

During the past few centuries of detailed, scientific study of the Bronze Age, it has become clear that on the whole, the use of copper or bronze was only the most stable and therefore the most diagnostic part of a cluster of features marking the period.

Although the Iron Age generally followed the Bronze Age, in some areas, the Iron Age intruded directly on the Neolithic from outside the region except for Sub-Saharan Africa where it was developed independently.

The Bronze Age was a time of heavy use of metals and of developing trade networks ( See Tin sources and trade in ancient times ).

Bronze was an important element in ceremonies and as for mortuary offerings until 100.

The Indian Bronze Age was followed by the Iron Age Vedic Period.