Nevertheless, it remained one of the most splendid churches of the Eastern Empire, where the Byzantine Emperors were crowned.

Konstantinos Porphyrogennetos, the fourth emperor of the Macedonian dynasty of the Byzantine Empire in the 9th century AD, referred to Asia Minor as East thema, " ανατολικόν θέμα " ( from the Greek words anatoli: east, thema: administrative division ), placing this region to the East of Byzantium, while Europe was lying to the West.

The Aegean Sea was later invaded by the Persians and the Romans, and inhabited by the Byzantine Empire, the Bulgarians, the Venetians, the Genoeses, the Seljuq Turks, and the Ottoman Empire.

In the Byzantine Empire, Anatolikon called also Theme of the Anatolics ( ανατολικόν θέμα ) was a theme covering the western and central parts of Turkey's present-day Central Anatolian Region.

In the Byzantine Empire, Anatolikon called also Theme of the Anatolics ( ανατολικόν θέμα ) was a theme covering the western and central parts of Turkey's present-day Central Anatolian Region.

After the division of the Roman Empire, Anatolia became part of the East Roman, or Byzantine Empire.

Byzantine control was challenged by Arab raids starting in the 7th century ( see Byzantine – Arab Wars ), but in the 9th and 10th century a resurgent Byzantine Empire regained its lost territories and even expanded beyond its traditional borders, into Armenia and Syria ( ancient Aram ).

Control of Anatolia was then split between the Byzantine Empire and the Seljuk Sultanate of Rûm, with the Byzantine holdings gradually being reduced.

Alp Arslan led Seljuq Turks to victory against the Byzantine Empire | Byzantines in 1071.

In 1068, en route to Syria, Alp Arslan Oush invaded the Byzantine Empire.

While the Byzantine Empire was to continue for nearly another four centuries, and the Crusades would contest the issue for some time, the victory at Manzikert signalled the beginning of Turkish ascendancy in Anatolia.

* 527 – Justinian I becomes the sole ruler of the Byzantine Empire.

Its great natural strength and situation, not far from the mouth of the Sis pass, and near the great road which debouched from the Cilician Gates, made Anazarbus play a considerable part in the struggles between the Byzantine Empire and the early Muslim invaders.

This is regarded by some historians as the real end of the Byzantine Empire.

Troy cannot have been Asagarth, Snorri realizes, the reason being that the Æsir in Asaland were unsettled by the military activities of the Romans ; that is, of the Byzantine Empire.

* 450 – Pulcheria becomes empress of the Byzantine Empire after her brother Theodosius II is killed during an hunting accident.

The " Rubens Vase " ( Byzantine Empire ).

* 1204 – Constantinople falls to the Crusaders of the Fourth Crusade, temporarily ending the Byzantine Empire.

Alexios used the opportunity of meeting the crusader leaders separately as they arrived and extracting from them oaths of homage and the promise to turn over conquered lands to the Byzantine Empire.

He presented himself to Robert Guiscard who used him as a pretext to launch his invasion of the Byzantine Empire.

The Islamic arabesque is a development of the Late Antique and Byzantine types of scrolling vegetal decoration that were inherited by Islam, and used with relatively little change in early Islamic art, for example in the famous 8th century mosaics of the Great Mosque of Damascus.

After the fall of the Byzantine Empire in the 15th century, Lycia was under the Ottoman Empire, and was inherited by the Turkish Republic on the fall of that empire.

Justinian ’ s reign saw the continued slow and ongoing process of transformation of the Byzantine Empire, as the traditions inherited from the ancient Latin Roman state were gradually being eroded.

From his father he had inherited an ongoing war against the East Roman ( Byzantine ) Empire and against the Turks in the east.

Classical forms inherited from Byzantine Europe and Greco-Roman sources were discarded in favor of those drawn from the new Islamic hub.

Through maternal ancestors, the Gonzagas inherited also the imperial Byzantine ancestry of the Paleologus, that earlier ruling family of Montferrat.

Most importantly, from a historical perspective, they finally did away with much of the remaining legal and constitutional architecture that the Byzantine Empire had inherited from the Roman Empire, and even from the days of the Roman Republic.

The Byzantine Empire had a complex system of aristocracy and bureaucracy, which was inherited from the Roman Empire.

Byzantine art is the artistic products of the Eastern Roman, or Byzantine, Empire, as well as the nations and states that inherited culturally from the empire.

On hearing of his capture, the Countess of Edessa, unable to secure Turbessel herself, sold the remnant of their domains to the Byzantine Empire and took her children to Saône, the modern Sahyun Qal ' at Salah al-Din ( which she had inherited from her first husband ) in the principality of Antioch.

The cursus publicus (, " public road / course ") was the state-run courier and transportation service of the Roman Empire, later inherited by the Byzantine Empire.

Porphyrogennetos claims that after two brothers inherited administration over Serbia ( i. e. White Serbia ) from their father, one of them, with half of the people, escaped to the Byzantine Empire ( i. e. to the Balkans ), which was governed by emperor Heraclius ( 610-641 ).

Having inherited Samuel's war with the Byzantine Empire, Gavril Radomir raided Byzantine territory, reaching as far as Constantinople.

This was illustrated by Nilus Doxapatris, who in 1142 – 43 insisted strongly on the primacy of the Church of Constantinople, which he regarded as inherited from Rome because of the transfer of the capital and because Rome had fallen into the hands of the barbarians, but who expressly restricted Byzantine authority to the other three eastern patriarchates.

The figures ’ robes display a Byzantine conservatism, with their modeled three-dimensionality and allusion to a Classical style, yet the iconic hand gestures are reminiscent of a Romanesque energy and theatricality.

This name is Byzantine ; in Classical Greek, the letter was called ō (), whereas the omicron was called ou ().

Classical philology is historically primary, originating in Pergamum and Alexandria around the 4th century B. C., continued by Greeks and Romans throughout the Roman and Byzantine Empires, and eventually taken up by European scholars of the Renaissance, where it was soon joined by philologies of other languages both European ( Germanic, Celtic, Slavistics, etc.

Spengler's Decline of the West ( 2 vol 1919 – 1922 ) compared nine organic cultures: Egyptian ( 3400 BC-1200 BC ), Indian ( 1500 BC-1100 BC ), Chinese ( 1300 BC-AD 200 ), Classical ( 1100 BC-400 BC ), Byzantine ( AD 300 – 1100 ), Aztec ( AD 1300 – 1500 ), Arabian ( AD 300 – 1250 ), Mayan ( AD 600 – 960 ), and Western ( AD 900 – 1900 ).

The city of Chania during the period that followed was a blend of Byzantine, Venetian and Classical Greek cultural elements.

According to Byzantine historian Kathryn Ringrose, while the pagans of Classical Antiquity based their notions of gender in general and eunuchs in particular on physiology ( the genitalia ), the Byzantine Christians based them on behaviour and more specifically procreation.

Uninformed modern readers might think that what they see on the page is the writing system exactly as the ancient Greeks used it in Classical Greece, but it is really Ancient Greek as transcribed by mediaeval Byzantine scribes.

The Oud (; ʿūd, plural: أعواد, a ‘ wād ; Assyrian: ܥܘܕ ūd, ; Hebrew: עו ּ ד ; barbat ; ;, Azeri: ud ; or kaban ) is a pear-shaped stringed instrument commonly used in Greek, Byzantine, North African ( Chaabi, Classical, and Andalusian ) and Middle Eastern music.

The culture of Greece has evolved over thousands of years, beginning in Mycenaean Greece, continuing most notably into Classical Greece, through the influence of the Roman Empire and its successor the Byzantine Empire.

The Classical era is that most commonly associated with Greek Literature, beginning in 800 BCE and maintaining its influence through to the beginnings of Byzantine period, whereafter the influence of Christianity began to spawn a new development of the Greek written word.

Broadly the periods are, Classical, Byzantine, Medieval, Renaissance, Baroque, Modern and Postmodern.

At the modern settlement of Hersonissos is the site of the ancient town of Chersonesos, an important seaport from Classical Greece through Byzantine times that served the city of Lyttos.

The plan and decoration of the building combines elements of Classical, Byzantine and Pre-Romanesque, and opulent materials as the expression of a new royal house, ruled by Charlemagne.

Through Classical antiquity, the island came under the control of a succession of regional powers, including the Persian, Ancient Roman and Byzantine empires.

While the usage " Late Antiquity " suggests that the social and cultural priorities of Classical Antiquity endured throughout Europe into the Middle Ages, the usage of " Early Middle Ages " or " Early Byzantine " emphasizes a break with the classical past, and the term " Migrations Period " tends to de-emphasize the disruptions in the former Western Roman Empire caused by the creation of Germanic kingdoms within her borders beginning with the foedus with the Goths in Aquitania in 418.

In particular, Western Philhellenism focused exclusively on the heritage of Classical Greek history, in effect negating or rejecting the heritage of Byzantine history which for the Greeks themselves is at least as important.

This style was characterized by naturalist motifs in the decoration, and a fusion of the Insular, early Christian ( late Classical ) and Byzantine styles.

However, this treatise, which survives only in fragments, draws heavily upon references on the appearance and construction of a Classical trireme, and must therefore be used with care when trying to apply it to the warships of the middle Byzantine period.

Other periods represented are the Late Classical and the Byzantine.

Annual symposia discuss the Greek legacy from the Minoan civilization of Crete, Classical and Hellenistic Greece and the Byzantine Empire through the Modern Greek period beginning with Greek independence from the Ottoman Empire in 1821, exploring the pursuit of excellence, moderation, idealism, self-knowledge, rationalism, curiosity, freedom, individual responsibility and personal responsibility to community.

Classical Orchomenos was known for its sanctuary of the Charites, the oldest in the city, according to Pausanias ( 5. 172-80 ); the Byzantine ( 9th century ) monastery church of Panaghia Skripou probably occupies the long-sacred spot.