" The Byzantines were totally routed.

The Lombards played on the pre-existing hostility between the Avars and the Byzantines, claiming that the latter were allied with the Gepids.

Critics of the 18th century — Guichard Folard and the Prince de Ligne — were unanimous in thinking Aelian greatly inferior to Arrian, but Aelian exercised a great influence both on his immediate successors, the Byzantines, and later on the Arabs, ( who translated the text for their own use ).

According to accounts which vary in some of the details, in 340 BC the Byzantines and their allies the Athenians were under siege by the troops of Philip of Macedon.

Since the Bulgarians were not satisfied with the positions of the Pope after prolonged negotiations, they reached favorable agreement with the Byzantines and the decision was taken that the Bulgarian Church should become Eastern Orthodox.

They settled in isolated valleys of the Peloponnese and Thessaly, establishing segregated communities that were referred by the Byzantines as Sclaveni.

This might be because of the general disarmament of the Empire in the twenty years leading up to the sacking, or because the Byzantines had lost access to the areas where the primary ingredients were to be found, or even perhaps because the secret had been lost over time.

Thus in 941, when the Byzantines were facing the vastly more numerous Rus ' fleet, siphons were placed also amidships and even astern.

When the Byzantines managed to conquer the First Bulgarian Empire the fortresses in eastern Albania were some of the last Bulgarian strongholds to be submitted by the Byzantines.

The papal letter never reached Constantinople as the messengers were intercepted and arrested in Sicily by the Byzantines.

The Byzantines were frequently at war with the Seljuqs and other Turkish dynasties for control of Anatolia and Syria.

Often the legal vassal of pope or emperor ( either Byzantine or Holy Roman ), they were the real power-brokers in the south until their erstwhile allies, the Normans, rose to preeminence: The Lombards regarded the Normans as barbarians and the Byzantines as oppressors.

These fierce nomads were often raiding empires, such as the Byzantine Empire, and they scored several victories using mobility and timing to defeat the heavy cataphracts of the Byzantines.

The Empire controlled nearly all former Byzantine lands surrounding the city, but the Byzantines were temporarily relieved when Timur invaded Anatolia in the Battle of Ankara in 1402.

Initially, the Byzantines were successful, but under the leadership of Totila, the Goths reconquered most of the lost territory until Totila's death at the Battle of Taginae.

The Byzantines still controlled the coastal strip from Sile on the Black Sea to Uskudar and the city of Amasra ( Amastris ) in Paphlagonia, but these were so scattered and isolated as to be no threat to the Ottomans.

In the 7th century Pisa helped Pope Gregory I by supplying numerous ships in his military expedition against the Byzantines of Ravenna: Pisa was the sole Byzantine centre of Tuscia to fall peacefully in Lombard hands, through assimilation with the neighbouring region where their trading interests were prevailing.

In the war with Sassanid Persia ( 502 – 505 ), Theodosiopolis and Amida were captured by the enemy, but the Persian provinces also suffered severely and the Byzantines recovered Amida.

* August 7 – The Byzantines defeat the Avars, Slavs and Persians who were besieging Constantinople for the first time.

The Lombards, under King Liutprand, occupied Ravenna in 712, but were forced to return it to the Byzantines.

After the Byzantines were betrayed by Admiral Euphemius, who fled to Tunisia and begged the Aghlabid leader Ziyadat Allah to help him, there was a Muslim conquest of Sicily in 831, which took until 904 against fierce resistance.

Though the Muslim troops were forced to retreat to Sicily after their victory, the Muslims remained a presence in southern Italy, harassing the Byzantines and Lombards.

The following year, the Byzantines were forced to recognize Bulgaria's independence.

Alp Arslan led Seljuq Turks to victory against the Byzantine Empire | Byzantines in 1071.

In 647 an army of 40, 000 Arabs, led by Abdullah ibn Saad had come to take Libya from the Byzantines and Berbers.

The problem was made worse by the desertion of the Byzantines ' western mercenaries, who became the object of the next military expedition in the area, led by the Caesar John Doukas.

In Maghreb ( western North Africa ) in 686 a force led by Zuhayr ibn Qais won the Battle of Mamma over Byzantines and Berbers led by Kusaila, on the Qairawan plain, and re-took Ifriqiya and its capital Kairouan.

Renewed negotiations begun twelve years later finally led to a treaty in 1186, but the earlier episodes seem to have created in Enrico Dandolo a deep and abiding hatred for the Byzantines.

Theodahad had enraged the Goths because he failed to send any assistance to Naples when it was besieged by the Byzantines, led by Belisarius.

The region may have been returned to Serbian hands in the 1040s, during the revolt against the Byzantines led by Stefan Vojislav, progenitor of the Vojislavljević dynasty.

Simeon's successful campaigns against the Byzantines, Magyars and Serbs led Bulgaria to its greatest territorial expansion ever, making it the most powerful state in contemporary Eastern Europe.

Despite the problems they encountered because of the fencing, the Byzantines ultimately managed to ferry the Magyar forces led by Árpád's son Liüntika across the Danube, possibly near modern Galaţi, and assisted them in pillaging the nearby Bulgarian lands.

Simeon I's army defeating the Byzantines, led by Procopius Crenites and Curtacius the Armenian in Macedonia.

With Lakhmid aid, on 19 April 531, under the command of the Spahbod Azarethes, the Persians defeated Belisarius at the Battle of Callinicum, which led the Byzantines to pay heavy tributes for years in exchange for a peace treaty.

In A. H. 119 ( 737 ) al Walid ibn al Qa ' qa al-Absi led the raid against the Byzantines.

It concludes with the war between the Byzantines led by Belisarius against his Malwa enemies transforming from a cold to a hot war as Belisarius, separated from his companions by urgent circumstances born of intrigue and might — is hotly pursued fleeing half of Malwa's might, alone and unaided, some 1500 miles from the Malwa capital ( Modern Delhi ) to make his way back home to the west.

After Bohemond was released, he was defeated by the Seljuks at the Battle of Harran in 1104 ; this defeat led to renewed pressure on Antioch from both the Seljuks and the Byzantines.

However, after a period of famine, a large contingent, led predominantly by what became the Visigoths, rebelled against the Byzantines and defeated Emperor Valens at the famous Battle of Adrianople in 378.

According to Orderic Vitalis an English fleet led by Edgar Atheling, the exiled King of England, arrived at St Symeon on 4 March carrying supplies from the Byzantines.

Later, the area was part of the kingdom of Colchis but was always vulnerable to invasions, first the Scythians from across the Caucasus, then the Muslim armies led by Habib, son of Caliph Uthman who controlled the area from 853 AD to 1023 when it was conquered by the Byzantines from the Sac Emirate linked to the Abbasids.

When Tzibus curtailed the freedom of trade of Lazic tradesmen to advance Byzantine interests, the popular dissatisfaction led to a full-scale uprising in 541, and the weakened king, Gubazes II secretly sought Persian assistance against the Byzantines.

His demise dashed any hopes for the reconciliation of Goth and Roman in Italy, and led to further years of bloodshed, until the peninsula was definitively conquered by the Byzantines.

Defended by a Bulgarian garrison led by Ivan the Russian, the siege was a failure despite the Byzantines use of a 100-soldier, five-story siege tower.

While the Byzantine army was engaged at Philipopolis, Michael Shishman led his troops to north-eastern Thrace and quickly retook the lost cities thus forcing the Byzantines to pull back.

In 914 during the Bulgarian invasion in Adrianopol led by Simeon I, the settlement was captured by the Bulgarians and was under Bulgarian rule until 1003 when it was lost against the Byzantines.

However, when it came time to expel the Byzantines, Witteric instead led his troops against king Liuva II ( Spring 603 ), counting on the support of a faction of nobles in opposition to the dynasty of Leovigild.