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The " C-H bond-only " rule also leads to somewhat arbitrary divisions in sets of carbon-fluorine compounds, as, for example, Teflon is considered by this rule " inorganic " but Tefzel organic.
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C-H and rule
This is because according to Bent's rule, the C-F bond gains p-orbital character leading to high s-character in the C-H bonds and H-C-H bond angles approaching that of sp < sup > 2 </ sup > orbitals e. g. 120 ° leaving less for the F-C-H bond angle.
C-H and also
Other compounds lacking C-H bonds that are also traditionally considered to be organic include benzenehexol, mesoxalic acid, and carbon tetrachloride.
C-H and leads
Briefly, replacing normal hydrogen ( protons ) by deuterium within a molecule causes the molecular vibrational frequency of X-H ( for example C-H, N-H and O-H ) bonds to decrease, which leads to a decrease in vibrational zero-point energy.
C-H and compounds
This field covers all chemical compounds except the myriad organic compounds ( carbon based compounds, usually containing C-H bonds ), which are the subjects of organic chemistry.
The " C-H " definition excludes compounds that are historically and practically considered to be organic.
For these and other reasons, most sources consider C-H compounds to be only a subset of " organic " compounds.
In summary, most carbon-containing compounds are organic, and most compounds with a C-H bond are organic.
Not all organic compounds necessarily contain C-H bonds ( e. g., urea ).
C-H and for
In principle, a deprotonation can go to completion if the acidic compound is 2 pK < sub > A </ sub > units stronger than the lithium species, although in practice a larger pK < sub > A </ sub > difference is required for useful rates of deprotonation of weakly acidic C-H acids.
For example, propane is described as consisting of ten sigma bonds, one each for the two C-C bonds and one each for the eight C-H bonds.
Thus, the frequency for a C-D bond should be approximately 1 /√ 2 or 0. 71 times that of the corresponding C-H bond.
The enhanced reactivity of benzylic positions is attributed to the low bond dissociation energy for benzylic C-H bonds.
The HOMO of the ene results from the combination of the pi-bonding orbital in the vinyl moiety and the C-H bonding orbital for the allylic H. Concerted, all-carbon-ene reactions have, in general, a high activation barrier, which was approximated at 33 kcal / mol in the case of propene and ethene, as computed at the M06-2X / def2-TZVPP level of theory.
For instance, the bond-dissociation energy for one of the C-H bonds in ethane ( C < sub > 2 </ sub > H < sub > 6 </ sub >) is defined by the process:
In the same way for removing successive hydrogen atoms from methane the bond-dissociating energies are 104 kcal / mol ( 435 kJ / mol ) for D ( CH < sub > 3 </ sub >- H ), 106 kcal / mol ( 444 kJ / mol ) for D ( CH < sub > 2 </ sub >- H ), 106 kcal / mol ( 444 kJ / mol ) for D ( CH-H ) and finally 81 kcal / mol ( 339 kJ / mol ) for D ( C-H ).
In the absence of this effect, cyclometallation is often a significant deactivation process for complexes, in particular limiting their ability to effect C-H bond activation.
C-H and example
As an example, azapalladium ( II ) complexes resulting from the oxidative addition of an acyloxime to Pd0 can undergo aminopalladation of aryne and subsequently a C-H activation process to give access to biologically relevant phenanthridines and isoquinolines:
C-H and is
Each carbon atom has 4 bonds ( either C-H or C-C bonds ), and each hydrogen atom is joined to a carbon atom ( H-C bonds ).
When placed in benzylic or allylic positions, the C-H bond strength is decreased, and the reactivity of the methyl group increases.
Mellitic acid, which contains no C-H bonds, is considered to be a possible organic substance in Martian soil.
However, being about 40 % weaker than C-C and C-H bonds, the disulfide bond is often the " weak link " in many molecules.
In ( C-H ), some solutions to the Schrödinger Equation are shown, where the horizontal axis is position, and the vertical axis is the real part ( blue ) or imaginary part ( red ) of the wavefunction.
In quantum mechanics ( C-H ), the ball has a wave function, which is shown with real part in blue and imaginary part in red.
In general, an analyte with a larger hydrophobic surface area ( C-H, C-C, and generally non-polar atomic bonds, such as S-S and others ) is retained longer because it is non-interacting with the water structure.
One lone pair is in the π system and the other in the plane of the ring ( analogous to C-H bond on the other positions ).
The resulting singlet oxygen is an aggressive oxidant, capable of converting C-H bonds into C-OH groups. In photodynamic therapy, light is used to destroy tumors by the action of singlet oxygen.
The oxygen that is inserted into the C-H bond is usually derived from atmospheric oxygen ( O2 ).
This is due to the very strong C-C and C-H bonds and lack of polarisation within many addition polymers.
The non-classical kinds of carbon stars, belonging to the types C-J and C-H, are believed to be binary stars, where one star is observed to be a giant star ( or occasionally a red dwarf ) and the other a white dwarf.
The bond dissociation energy of C-H bonds on a doubly allylic centre is about 10 % less than the bond dissociation energy of a C-H bond that is allylic.
The rate of a reaction involving a C-H bond is typically 6 to 10 times faster than the corresponding C-D bond, whereas a < sup > 12 </ sup > C reaction is only ~ 1. 04 times faster than the corresponding < sup > 13 </ sup > C reaction ( even though, in both cases, the isotope is one atomic mass unit heavier ).
C-H and considered
Hence any hydrocarbon containing C-H bonds can be considered an acid with a corresponding pKa value.
C-H and by
During vulcanization, some of these C-H bonds are replaced by chains of sulfur atoms that link with a cure site of another polymer chain.
The brominated derivatives are generated by free-radical reactions of the chlorofluorocarbons, replacing C-H bonds with C-Br bonds.
Enolates are unsaturated alkoxide derived by deprotonation of a C-H bond adjacent to a ketone or aldehyde.
These reagents rely on aryl azides, which become activated by ultraviolet light ( UV ; > 350 nm ), which then react at C-H and N-H bonds.
As a good approximation, on going from C-H to C-D, the reduced mass increases by a factor of approximately 2.
One 2007 study reports an allylic C-H amination reaction catalyzed by the White catalyst which accesses a Pd allyl complex via allylic C-H cleavage rather than by displacing an allylic leaving group.
The reaction is assisted by the copper, which, when coordinated with the acetylide lowers the pKa of the alkyne C-H by up to 9. 8 units.
C-H and organic
Some textbooks define an organic compound as one containing one or more C-H bonds ; others include C-C bonds in the definition.
C-H and .
These C-H bonds are adjacent to carbon-carbon double bonds.
The CFCs are far less flammable than methane, in part because they contain fewer C-H bonds and in part because, in the case of the chlorides and bromides, the released halides quench the free radicals that sustain flames.
These species are of interest as molecular approximations of the cubic diamond framework, terminated with C-H bonds.
The methyl chloride reaction ( only S < sub > N </ sub > 2 possible ) on the other hand has a KIE of 0. 85 consistent with a S < sub > N </ sub > 2 reaction because in this reaction type the C-H bonds tighten in the transition state.
The C-H groups adjacent to the carbonyl in thioesters are mildly acidic and undergo aldol condensations.
0.188 seconds.