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CYCLADES and packet
The term datagram appeared first within the project CYCLADES, a packet switching network created in the early 1970s, and was coined by Louis Pouzin by combining the words data and telegram.
Louis Pouzin ( born 1931 in Chantenay-Saint-Imbert, Nièvre, France ) invented the datagram and designed an early packet communications network, CYCLADES.

CYCLADES and network
Cerf credits Hubert Zimmerman and Louis Pouzin, designer of the CYCLADES network, with important influences on this design.
Various aspects of OSI design evolved from experiences with the ARPANET, the fledgling Internet, NPLNET, EIN, CYCLADES network and the work in IFIP WG6. 1.
Second, they were connectionless devices, which had no role in assuring that traffic was delivered reliably, leaving that entirely to the hosts ( this particular idea had been previously pioneered in the CYCLADES network ).
CYCLADES was the first network to make the hosts responsible for the reliable delivery of data, rather than the network itself, using unreliable datagrams and associated end-to-end protocol mechanisms.
The term was coined by Louis Pouzin, a pioneer in packet-switching technology and founder of the CYCLADES network, at a time when network meant what is now called a local area network.
The CYCLADES network was the first to make the hosts responsible for the reliable delivery of data, rather than the network itself, using unreliable datagrams and associated end-to-end protocol mechanisms.
Data transmission was a state monopoly in France at the time, and IRIA needed a special dispensation to run the CYCLADES network.
As mentioned, the most important legacy of CYCLADES was in showing that moving the responsibility for reliability into the hosts was workable, and produced a well-functioning service network.
CYCLADES was an experimental French network.
RCP was a virtual-circuit network in contrast to CYCLADES which was based on datagrams.

CYCLADES and was
Prior to OSI, networking was largely either government-sponsored ( ARPANET, CYCLADES ) or vendor-developed and proprietary standards such as SNA and DECnet.
These concepts were later used in the Internet protocol ; CYCLADES was one of the predecessor systems with the greatest technical influence on the Internet.
CYCLADES was designed and directed by Louis Pouzin.
RCP emphasised terminal to host and terminal to terminal connection ; CYCLADES was concerned with host-to-host communication.

CYCLADES and early
Packet switched networks such as ARPANET, Mark I at NPL in the UK, CYCLADES, Merit Network, Tymnet, and Telenet, were developed in the late 1960s and early 1970s using a variety of protocols.

CYCLADES and .
CYCLADES used a layered architecture, as did the Internet.
Louis Pouzin and the CYCLADES alumni initiated a number of follow-on projects at IRIA to experiment with local area networks, satellite networks, the Unix operating system, and the message passing operating system Chorus.
Hubert Zimmerman used his experience in CYCLADES to influence the design of the OSI 7 layer model, which is still an extremely common pedagogical device.
CYCLADES alumni and researchers at IRIA / INRIA were also influential in spreading the Internet in France, eventually witnessing the success of the datagram-based Internet, and the demise of the X. 25 and ATM virtual circuit networks.

packet and switching
DARPA supported the evolution of the ARPANET ( the first wide-area packet switching network ), Packet Radio Network, Packet Satellite Network and ultimately, the Internet and research in the artificial intelligence fields of speech recognition and signal processing, including parts of Shakey the robot.
This began with point-to-point communication between mainframe computers and terminals, expanded to point-to-point connections between computers and then early research into packet switching.
The Institute was founded in 1972, when packet switching pioneer Keith Uncapher left RAND Corporation with backing from the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency.
Specifically, it is the worldwide, publicly accessible network of interconnected computer networks that transmit data by packet switching using the standard Internet Protocol ( IP ).
Packet radio is a form of packet switching technology used to transmit digital data via radio or wireless communications links.
This article is concerned primarily with routing in electronic data networks using packet switching technology.
In packet switching networks, routing directs packet forwarding, the transit of logically addressed packets from their source toward their ultimate destination through intermediate nodes, typically hardware devices called routers, bridges, gateways, firewalls, or switches.
Once the 3B21D has loaded the software into the 5ESS and the switch is activated, packet switching takes place without further action by the 3B21D.
Instead of using leased lines, WANs can also be built using less costly circuit switching or packet switching methods.
Frame Relay is a standardized wide area network technology that specifies the physical and logical link layers of digital telecommunications channels using a packet switching methodology.
X. 25 remained the primary standard until the wide availability of IP made packet switching almost obsolete.
In a packet switched network, burst switching is a capability in which each network switch extracts routing instructions from an incoming packet header to establish and maintain the appropriate switch connection for the duration of the packet, following which the connection is automatically released.
Circuit switching contrasts with packet switching which divides the data to be transmitted into packets transmitted through the network independently.
In packet switching, instead of being dedicated to one communication session at a time, network links are shared by packets from multiple competing communication sessions, resulting in the loss of the quality of service guarantees that are provided by circuit switching.
In circuit switching, the bit delay is constant during a connection, as opposed to packet switching, where packet queues may cause varying and potentially indefinitely long packet transfer delays.

packet and network
When powered on, an AppleTalk machine broadcasts an AARP probe packet asking for a network address, intending to hear back from controllers such as routers.
It then broadcasts another packet saying " I am selecting this address ", and then waits to see if anyone else on the network complains.
AEP generates packets to be sent to the network node and is identified in the Type field of a packet as an AEP packet.
An Electronic Serial Number is a packet of data which is sent by the handset to the cellular system for billing purposes, effectively identifying that phone on the network.
Originally BBSes were accessed only over a phone line using a modem, but by the early 1990s some BBSes allowed access via a Telnet, packet switched network, or packet radio connection.
: For computer network models, see network topology, packet generation model and channel model.
The outdated gnutella version 0. 4 network protocol employs five different packet types, namely
A DTM-capable mobile may use simultaneous voice and packet data, with the network coordinating to ensure that it is not required to transmit on two different frequencies at the same time.
HTTPS is especially important over unencrypted networks such as WiFi as anyone on the same local network can do packet sniffing and discover sensitive information.
The Internet Protocol is designed to provide an unreliable ( not guaranteed ) packet service across the network.
The IEEE standard adds this sublayer which adds the standard 8-bit DSAP ( Destination Service Access Point ) and SSAP ( Source Service Access Point ) labels to a given packet regardless of network type.
ISDN is a circuit-switched telephone network system, which also provides access to packet switched networks, designed to allow digital transmission of voice and data over ordinary telephone copper wires, resulting in potentially better voice quality than an analog phone can provide.
The D channel can also be used for sending and receiving X. 25 data packets, and connection to X. 25 packet network, this is specified in X. 31.
When first connected to a network, a host sends a link-local router solicitation multicast request for its configuration parameters ; if configured suitably, routers respond to such a request with a router advertisement packet that contains network-layer configuration parameters.
Extension headers carry options that are used for special treatment of a packet in the network, e. g., for routing, fragmentation, and for security using the IPsec framework.
IPv6 addresses are classified by three types of networking methodologies: unicast addresses identify each network interface, anycast addresses identify a group of interfaces, usually at different locations of which the nearest one is automatically selected, and multicast addresses are used to deliver one packet to many interfaces.
Since routing is dynamic for every packet and the network maintains no state of the path of prior packets, it is possible that some packets are routed on a longer path to their destination, resulting in improper sequencing at the receiver.
Network latency in a packet-switched network is measured either one-way ( the time from the source sending a packet to the destination receiving it ), or round-trip ( the one-way latency from source to destination plus the one-way latency from the destination back to the source ).
However, in a non-trivial network, a typical packet will be forwarded over many links via many gateways, each of which will not begin to forward the packet until it has been completely received.

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