After the failure of the co-emperor Michael IX to stem the Turkish advance in Asia Minor in 1302 and the disastrous Battle of Bapheus, the Byzantine government hired the Catalan Company of Almogavars ( adventurers from Aragon and Catalonia ) led by Roger de Flor to clear Byzantine Asia Minor of the enemy.

The Catalan Company seized control of Athens, and with it Aegina, in 1317, and in 1425 the island came under Venetian control, when Alioto Caopena, at that time ruler of Aegina, placed himself with treaty under the Republic's protection in order to escape the danger of a Turkish raid.

* Catalan Company ( or Catalan Grand Company ), a mercenary free company in 14th century Europe

Considered by most to have been the first mercenary company in Western Europe, the Catalan Company proceeded to occupy the Duchy of Athens, which they placed under the protection of a prince of the House of Aragon and ruled until 1379.

* 1311 – Battle of Halmyros: The Catalan Company defeats Walter V of Brienne to take control of the Duchy of Athens, a Crusader state in Greece.

* Catalan Company

* Roger de Flor founds the Catalan Company, with soldiers ( Almogavars ) jobless after the Treaty of Caltabellotta.

* March 15 – Battle of Halmyros: The Catalan Company defeats Walter V of Brienne to take control of the Duchy of Athens.

In 1309 settled there the Almogavars or Catalan Company of the East ( Societas Catalanorum Magna ), which in 1310, after lifting the siege of Thessalonica, withdrew as mercenaries in the pay of the sebastokrator John II Doukas, and took over the country organized in a democracy.

Ramon Muntaner () ( c. 1270 – 1336 ) was a Catalan soldier and writer who wrote the Crònica, a chronicle of his life, including his adventures as a commander in the Catalan Company.

The Catalan Company was an army of light infantry under the leadership of Roger de Flor that was made up of Aragonese and Catalan mercenaries, known as Almogavars ; Roger led the Company to Constantinople to help the Greeks against the Turks.

It deals with the adventures of a knight in the Byzantine Empire with echoes of the real-life Catalan Company.

The Almogavars originally fought for Catalonia and Aragon, but as the Catalan Company, they followed Roger de Flor in the service of the Byzantine Empire.

* Battle of the Cephissus, 15 March 1311 conflict between the Frankish Greek forces of Walter V of Brienne and the mercenaries of the Catalan Company

The Almogavars, under the leadership of Roger de Flor (" Roger Blum ", a former Knight Templar ), formed the Catalan Company in the service of the emperor of the East, Andronicus II Palaeologus.

* Catalan Company

The Catalan Company defeated the Franks and took control of great part of south Greece.

Free company mercenary captains, such as Sir John Hawkwood, Roger de Flor of Catalan Company or Hugh Calveley could be considered as warlords.

* 1986 1985 Catalan Route on East Face, solo by Todd Bibler, summit reached December 5.

The western continuum of Romance languages, which comprises, from West to East: In Portugal, Portuguese ; In Spain, Galician, Leonese or Asturian, Castilian or Spanish, Aragonese and Catalan or Valencian ; In France, Occitan, Franco-Provençal and standard French ; in Italy, Italian and in Switzerland, Romansh as well as other languages with fewer speakers, is sometimes presented as another example, although the major languages in this group have had separate standards for longer than the languages in the continental West Germanic group, and are not commonly classified as dialects of a common language.

A closeup of the Catalan Atlas depicting Marco Polo traveling to the East during the Pax Mongolica

Catalan was spoken in the South, and Germanic languages and Franco-Provençal were spoken in the East.

Casa Milà (), better known as La Pedrera (, meaning the ' The Quarry '), is a building designed by the Catalan architect Antoni Gaudí and built during the years 1905 – 1910, being considered officially completed in 1912.

The Garonne (, ; in Occitan, Catalan and Spanish: Garona ; or Garunna ) is a river in southwest France and northern Spain, with a length of.

The Palau Güell (, ) is a mansion in Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain designed by the Catalan architect Antoni Gaudí for the Catalan industrial tycoon Eusebi Güell.

The Institut d ' Estudis Catalans (, English: " Institute for Catalan Studies "), also known by the acronym IEC, is an academic institution which seeks to undertake research and study into " all elements of Catalan culture ".

Allioli (, also spelled alioli ), from all i oli, Catalan for " garlic and oil ", is a typical paste-like cold sauce of Catalonia, Balearic Islands and Valencia.

Figueres (, Catalan for fig trees, ) is the capital of the comarca of Alt Empordà, in the province of Girona, Catalonia, Spain.

As for the workers ' movement, there was the CNT crisis with the break-away faction in the 1930s and the formation of the Workers ' Party of Marxist Unification (, POUM ) and Unified Socialist Party of Catalonia ( Catalan: Partit Socialista Unificat de Catalunya, PSUC ).

The Segre (, ; ) is a river tributary to the Ebro ( Ebre in Catalan ) with a basin comprising territories across three states: France, Andorra and Spain.

La Seu d ' Urgell (, ;, formerly in ) is a town located in the Catalan Pyrenees in Spain.

Puigcerdà (,, ) is the capital of the Catalan comarca of Cerdanya, in the province of Girona, Catalonia, northern Spain, near the river Segre and the border with France ( it abuts directly onto the French town of Bourg-Madame ).

The former Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau (, ) in the neighborhood of El Guinardó, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain, is a complex built between 1901 and 1930, designed by the Catalan modernist architect Lluís Domènech i Montaner.

The County of Urgell (,, ; ) is one of the historical Catalan counties, bordering on the counties of Pallars and Cerdanya.

Sitges (, Catalan for silos ) is a town about 35 kilometres southwest of Barcelona, renowned worldwide for its Film Festival and Carnival.

Tortell (, ) is a Catalan pastry typically O-shaped, stuffed with marzipan, that on some special occasions is topped with glazed fruit.

Fideuà () or Fideuada (, from fideu, Catalan / Valencian for " noodle ") is a dish typical of the Valencian Community, in Spain.

Castells (, ) is a Catalan name, the plural form of Castell ( castle ).

* FGC (, " Catalan Government Railways ") operates several unconnected lines in Catalonia.

Ferrocarrils de la Generalitat de Catalunya (, " Catalan Government Railways "), or FGC, is a railway company which operates several unconnected lines in Catalonia, Spain.

Bosch (,, also spelled Bosc in modern Catalan ) is a popular surname in Catalan and Dutch that means ' forest '.

Linguists coined Balearic (, ) as a collective name for the group of Catalan variants that people speak in the Balearic Islands.