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Page "History of Catalonia" ¶ 12
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Catalan and workers
A period of political stability, of repression of the workers movement, and of a slow growth in Catalan nationalist identity extended to the early years of the 20th century, when once again political opposition broke to the fore, especially republicanism and Catalan nationalism, but also class-based politics reflecting social tensions.
The escalating violence between Catalan workers and the Catalan bourgeoisie led the latter to embrace the dictatorship of Primo de Rivera, despite his centralizing tendencies.
The Esquerra Republicana de Catalunya ( Republican Left of Catalonia, or ERC ) represented a break with the electoral abstentionism that, until then had been characteristic of the Catalan workers.
As for the workers ' movement, there was the CNT crisis with the break-away faction in the 1930s and the formation of the Workers ' Party of Marxist Unification (, POUM ) and Unified Socialist Party of Catalonia ( Catalan: Partit Socialista Unificat de Catalunya, PSUC ).
This contemporary layer of immigration is prone to speak Spanish over Catalan and adds to second and third generation Catalans whose families arrived from other parts of Spain during the 20th century in order to cover the needs of industrial workers which the Catalan economy demanded to prosper ; from the latter, some have become proficient in Catalan, others have not.
In 1919 in Barcelona, after a 44-day general strike with over 100, 000 participants had effectively crippled the Catalan economy, the Government in Barcelona settled the strike by granting all the striking workers demands that included an eight-hour day, union recognition, and the rehiring of fired workers.
In the past, bread ( similar to French bread ) figured heavily in the Catalan diet ; now it is used mainly in the morning ( second breakfast, especially among young students and some workers ) and supplements the noon meal, at home and in restaurants.

Catalan and movement
It was inspired by the English garden city movement ; hence the original English name Park ( in the Catalan language spoken in Catalonia where Barcelona is located, the word for " Park " is " Parc ", and the name of the place is " Parc Güell " in its original language ).
After the Spanish Civil War, Francoist Spain persecuted the Anarchists and Catalan nationalists among whom the use of Esperanto was extensive but in the 1950s, the Esperanto movement was tolerated again.
After the Spanish Civil War, Francoist Spain persecuted the Anarchists and Catalan nationalists among which Esperanto was extended but in the 1950s, the Esperanto movement was tolerated again with Francisco Franco accepting the honorary patronage of the Madrid World Esperanto Congress.
They began on 13 September 2009 in the town of Arenys de Munt in a self-organised local movement and was then followed by a slew of Catalan municipalities.
Cerdà's Eixample ( Catalan for ' extension ') consisted of 550 regular blocks with chamfered corners to facilitate the movement of trams, crossed by three wider avenues.
The second third of the 19th century saw a Catalan cultural renaissance, a cultural movement to recover Catalan language and culture after a long period of decay.
Designed in the Catalan modernista style by the architect Lluís Domènech i Montaner, it was built between 1905 and 1908 for the Orfeó Català, a choral society founded in 1891 that was a leading force in the Catalan cultural movement that came to be known as the Renaixença ( Catalan Rebirth ).
Founded in 1942 under the guidance of José Ardévol, a Catalan composer established in Cuba since 1930, the " Grupo de Renovación Musical " served as a platform for a group of young composers to develop a proactive movement with the purpose of improving and literally renovating the quality of the Cuban musical environment.
Modernisme (, Catalan for " modernism ") was a cultural movement associated with the search for Catalan national identity.
It is also the main sponsor of the independence movement from France and Spain in the territories known among Catalan nationalists as Països Catalans.
Despite having been one of the main forces behind the movement for amendment, the party eventually opposed the 2006 changes to the Catalan Statute of Autonomy to increase Catalonia's autonomy.
Catalan nationalism (;, ) or Catalanism (), is a political movement advocating for either further political autonomy or full independence of Catalonia.
( led by the Catalan general Juan Prim ), the movement acquired a clear political character, directed to the attainment of self-government for Catalonia within the framework of the Spanish liberal state.
Industrialization and trade went hand in hand with the proto-nationalist Renaixença cultural movement, which, annoyed with the shortcomings of the Royal court in Madrid, began to fashion an alternative, and that was Catalan identity.
A Romantic revivalist movement of the 19th century, Renaixença, classified Catalan literature in periods.
The first Romantics in Catalonia and the Balearic Islands chose Spanish as their language, and wouldn't resort to using the Catalan language until a national awakening movement, kickstarted by Romantic nationalism, appeared.
* Candidatures d ' Unitat Popular, a Catalan nationalist movement

Catalan and at
Casa Batlló () is a building restored by Antoni Gaudí and Josep Maria Jujol, built in 1877 and remodelled in the years 1904 – 1906 ; located at 43, Passeig de Gràcia ( passeig is Catalan for promenade or avenue ), part of the Illa de la Discòrdia ( the " Block of Discord ") in the Eixample district of Barcelona, Spain.
It is located at 92, Passeig de Gràcia ( passeig is Catalan for promenade ) in the Eixample district of Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
The Catalan Company seized control of Athens, and with it Aegina, in 1317, and in 1425 the island came under Venetian control, when Alioto Caopena, at that time ruler of Aegina, placed himself with treaty under the Republic's protection in order to escape the danger of a Turkish raid.
In Modern Catalan, as in modern Spanish, sí is usually used as a response, although the language retains the word oi, akin to òc, which is sometimes used at the end of yes-no questions and in higher register also as a positive response.
According to Joseph Anglade, a philologist and specialist of medieval literature who helped impose the then archaic term Occitan as the sole correct name, the word Lemosin was first used to designate the language at the beginning of the 13th century by Catalan troubadour Raimon Vidal de Besalú in his Razós de trobar
During holidays at the Catalan resort of Cadaqués, the trio played football together.
It is thought that Jehuda Cresques, son of the Catalan cartographer Abraham Cresques have been one of the notable cartographers at the service of Prince Henry.
In 1353 Marianus IV of Arborea, allied with the Doria family, waged war against the Catalan, defeating them at Decimum and besieging Sassari, but unable to capture Cagliari.
A view of the Catalan forge s at Mission San Juan Capistrano, the oldest existing facilities ( circa 1790s ) of their kind in the State of California.
Also interred at the Mission are the bodies of numerous Franciscan fathers who died during their time of service, as well as the remains of Reverend Raymond Catalan, C. M. F., who undertook the restoration of the Mission's gardens.
The IEC is one of a number of cultural and scientific institutions created at that time to lend greater prestige to the Catalan language and culture ; others include the Biblioteca de Catalunya ( Library of Catalonia ), the Escola Industrial ( Industrial School ), the Escola Superior de Belles Arts ( Higher School of Fine Arts ) and the Escola del Treball ( School of Labour ), el Centre de Recerca Matemàtica.
Though a sense of nationalism pervaded his earliest surreal landscapes and Head of a Catalan Peasant, it wasn ’ t until Spain ’ s Republican government commissioned him to paint the mural, The Reaper, for the Spanish Republican Pavilion at the 1937 Paris Exhibition, that Miró ’ s work took on a politically charged meaning.
" James wrote or dictated at various stages a chronicle of his own life in Catalan, Llibre dels fets, the first autobiography by a Christian king.
More controversially, some historians have looked at these writings as a source of Catalan identity, separate from that of Occitania and Rome.
The Catalan and Valencian Generalitats were both abolished by the Nueva Planta decrees, signed by Philip V of Spain at the start of the eighteenth century, and only reinstated after the death of Franco in 1975, although in Catalonia it also had a brief existence during the Second Spanish Republic.
Fabra moved from Bilbao to Barcelona in 1911, to become a professor ( catedràtic ) of Catalan — a position created by the diputació ( local government ) of Barcelona — and a member of the department of philology at the newly created Institut d ' Estudis Catalans, of which he later became president.
* Crònica de Ramon Muntaner at the institut Lluís Vives, ( in Catalan )
* Crònica de Ramon Muntaner at the University of Berkeley selections, ( in Catalan )
The city is located in the Catalan Prelitoral depression ( Depressió Prelitoral ), at the feet of the Prelitoral mountain range ( Natural reserve of Sant Llorenç del Munt ) and the average altitude of the city is 277 meters above sea level.
It represents the " soft " sound where a " c " would normally represent the " hard " sound ( before " a ", " o ", " u ", or at the end of a word ) in English and in certain Romance languages such as Catalan, French, Ligurian, Occitan, and Portuguese.
In Occitan, Friulian and Catalan ç can also be found at the beginning of a word ( Çubran, ço ) or at the end ( braç ).
Because it is located at one of the major crossroads of communication in the Catalan Pyrenees, la Seu d ' Urgell has had a unique and historic role in the county of Urgell.
After qualifying as a psychiatrist in 1951, Fanon did a residency in psychiatry at Saint-Alban under the radical Catalan psychiatrist François Tosquelles, who invigorated Fanon's thinking by emphasizing the role of culture in psychopathology.

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