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Cipher and Bureau
German military Enigma was first broken in December 1932 by the Polish Cipher Bureau, using a combination of brilliant mathematics, the services of a spy in the German office responsible for administering encrypted communications, and a slice of good luck.
On 25 July 1939, just five weeks before the outbreak of World War II, the Polish Cipher Bureau handed reconstructed Enigma machines and their techniques for decrypting ciphers to their French and British allies.
SIGINT ( signals intelligence ) was the countering process of decryption, with the notable examples being the Allied breaking of Japanese naval codes and British Ultra, which was derived from methodology given to Britain by the Polish Cipher Bureau, which had been decoding Enigma for seven years before the war.
* November 30 – The Polish Cipher Bureau breaks the German Enigma cipher.
On July 25, 1939, just five weeks before Hitler's invasion of Poland, the Polish General Staff's Cipher Bureau shared its Enigma-decryption methods and equipment with the French and British as the Poles ' contribution to the common defense against Nazi Germany.
A few months later, using the Polish techniques, the British began reading Enigma ciphers in collaboration with Polish Cipher Bureau cryptologists who had escaped Poland, overrun by the Germans, to reach Paris.
1928, some 4 years before joining the Biuro Szyfrów | Cipher Bureau
In 1929, while still a student, Różycki, proficient in German, was one of twenty-odd Poznań University mathematics students who accepted an invitation to attend a secret cryptology course organized at a nearby military installation by the Polish General Staff's Cipher Bureau, headquartered in Warsaw.
From September 1932 Różycki served as a civilian cryptologist with the Polish General Staff's Cipher Bureau, housed till 1937 in Warsaw's Saxon Palace.
He worked there together with fellow Poznań University mathematics alumni and Cipher Bureau cryptology-course graduates Marian Rejewski and Henryk Zygalski.
* Joint Cipher Bureau, agency of the Indian armed forces responsible for signals intelligence and cryptanalysis and co-ordinating similar activities and operations of military intelligence agencies.
During the Polish-Soviet War of 1919-21, Leśniewski served the cause of Poland's independence by breaking Soviet Russian ciphers for the Polish General Staff's Cipher Bureau.
Zygalski was, from September 1932, a civilian cryptologist with the Polish General Staff's Biuro Szyfrów ( Cipher Bureau ), housed in the Saxon Palace in Warsaw.
He worked there with fellow Poznań University alumni and Cipher Bureau cryptology-course graduates Marian Rejewski and Jerzy Różycki.
Until the World War I creation of MI8, the Army's Cipher Bureau, Riverbank was the only facility in the US seriously capable of solving enciphered messages.
The title of the book refers to the Cipher Bureau, the cryptographic organization of which Yardley was the founder and head.
After the war, the American Army and the State department decided to jointly fund MI-8 and Yardley continued as head of the " Cipher Bureau ".
The information the Cipher Bureau provided the American delegation regarding the Japanese government's absolute minimum acceptable battleship requirements was instrumental in getting the Japanese side to agree to a 5: 3 ratio instead of the 10: 7 ratio the Japanese Navy really wanted.
The Cipher Bureau was becoming irrelevant.
When Henry L. Stimson, Secretary of State under President Herbert Hoover, found out about Yardley and the Cipher Bureau, he was furious and withdrew funding, summing up his argument with " Gentlemen do not read each other's mail ".
The Polish Cipher Bureau had likewise exploited " cribs " in the " ANX method " before World War II ( the Germans ' use of " ANX ," German for " to ," followed by " X " as a spacer.
* Polish Cipher Bureau
In December 1932, Bertrand shared intelligence obtained from Asché with the Polish General Staff's Cipher Bureau ( Biuro Szyfrów ).
It was a substantial development from a device that had been designed in 1938 by Polish Cipher Bureau cryptologist Marian Rejewski, and known as the " cryptologic bomb " ( Polish: " bomba kryptologiczna ").

Cipher and German
Both of the two German electro-mechanical rotor machines whose signals were decrypted at Bletchley Park, Enigma and the Lorenz Cipher ', were virtually unbreakable if properly used.
* Cragon, Harvey G. From Fish to Colossus: How the German Lorenz Cipher was Broken at Bletchley Park ( Cragon Books, Dallas, 2003 ; ISBN 0-9743045-0-6 ) – A detailed description of the cryptanalysis of Tunny, and some details of Colossus ( contains some minor errors )
* Sale, Tony, The Colossus Computer 1943 – 1996: How It Helped to Break the German Lorenz Cipher in WWII ( M .& M.
* Władysław Kozaczuk, Enigma: How the German Machine Cipher Was Broken, and How It Was Read by the Allies in World War Two, edited and translated by Christopher Kasparek, Frederick, MD, University Publications of America, 1984, ISBN 0-89093-547-5.
* Władysław Kozaczuk, Enigma: How the German Machine Cipher Was Broken, and How It Was Read by the Allies in World War Two, edited and translated by Christopher Kasparek, University Publications of America, 1984, ISBN 978-0-89093-547-7.
* Władysław Kozaczuk, Enigma: How the German Machine Cipher Was Broken, and How It Was Read by the Allies in World War Two, edited and translated by Christopher Kasparek, Frederick, MD, University Publications of America, 1984, ISBN 0-89093-547-5.
* Władysław Kozaczuk, Enigma: How the German Machine Cipher Was Broken, and How It Was Read by the Allies in World War II, edited and translated by Christopher Kasparek, Frederick, MD, University Publications of America, 1984, ISBN 0-89093-547-5.
* Kozaczuk, Władysław, Enigma: How the German Machine Cipher Was Broken, and How It Was Read by the Allies in World War II, edited and translated by Christopher Kasparek, Frederick, MD, 1984: a history of cryptological efforts against Enigma, concentrating on the contributions of Polish mathematicians Marian Rejewski, Jerzy Różycki and Henryk Zygalski ; of particular interest to specialists will be several technical appendices by Rejewski.
* Władysław Kozaczuk, Enigma: How the German Machine Cipher Was Broken, and How It Was Read by the Allies in World War Two, edited and translated by Christopher Kasparek, Frederick, MD, University Publications of America, 1984, ISBN 0-89093-547-5.
In the early 1930s, Schmidt was an employee at the German Armed Forces ' cryptographic headquarters, the Cipher Office.
* Władysław Kozaczuk, Enigma: How the German Machine Cipher Was Broken, and How It Was Read by the Allies in World War Two, edited and translated by Christopher Kasparek, Frederick, MD, University Publications of America, 1984.
In July 1939, the Polish General Staff's Cipher Bureau had turned over to French and British intelligence representatives information about the Polish achievements in breaking German military Enigma traffic.
* Władysław Kozaczuk, Enigma: How the German Machine Cipher Was Broken, and How It Was Read by the Allies in World War Two, edited and translated by Christopher Kasparek, Frederick, MD, University Publications of America, 1984, ISBN 0-89093-547-5.
Polish monitoring stations began intercepting them, and cryptologists in the Polish Cipher Bureau's German section were instructed to try to read them.
These had been obtained by a French military intelligence agent, a German codenamed Rex, from an agent who worked at Germany's Cipher Office in Berlin, Hans Thilo-Schmidt, whom the French codenamed Asché.
Until 1937 the Cipher Bureau's German section, BS-4, had been housed in the Polish General Staff building — the stately 18th-century " Saxon Palace " — in Warsaw.
A major factor that averted Britain's defeat in the Battle of the Atlantic was her regained mastery of Naval Enigma decryption ; and while the latter benefited crucially from British seizure of German Enigma-equipped naval vessels, the breaking of German naval signals ultimately relied on techniques that had been pioneered by the Polish Cipher Bureau.

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