The precise dating of the Constitution of Medina remains debated but generally scholars agree it was written shortly after the Hijra ( 622 ).

The Constitution established: the security of the community, religious freedoms, the role of Medina as a haram or sacred place ( barring all violence and weapons ), the security of women, stable tribal relations within Medina, a tax system for supporting the community in time of conflict, parameters for exogenous political alliances, a system for granting protection of individuals, a judicial system for resolving disputes, and also regulated the paying of Blood money ( the payment between families or tribes for the slaying of an individual in lieu of lex talionis ).

According to Ibn Ishaq, the local pagan Arab tribes, the Muslim Muhajirun from Mecca, the local Muslims ( Ansar ), and the Jews of the area signed an agreement, the so-called Constitution of Medina, which committed all parties to mutual cooperation under the leadership of " Muhammad the Prophet ".

This was in breach of the Constitution of Medina and after the Meccan withdrawal, Muhammad immediately marched against the Qurayza and laid siege to their strongholds.

Following a period of fighting lasting around a hundred years before 620 AD which mainly involved Arab and Jewish inhabitants of Medina ( then known as Yathrib ), religious freedom for Muslims, Jews and pagans was declared by Muhammad in the Constitution of Medina.

* The Constitution of Medina ( 622 AD ; Arabia ) instituted a number of rights and responsibilities for the Muslim, Jewish and pagan communities of Medina, establishing freedom of worship for non-Muslims in return for extra taxes ( the jizya ), the security of women, a system for granting protection of individuals, and a judicial system.

After his flight ( al-hijra ) from Mecca, where religious intolerance reigned, in 622 Mohammad with his followers settled in Yathrib, subsequently renamed Medina al-Nabi (‘ City of the Prophet ’) where he managed to draw up a ‘ social contract ’, widely referred to as the ' Constitution of Medina '.

The sīra also includes a number of written documents, such as political treaties ( e. g., Treaty of Hudaybiyyah or Constitution of Medina ), military enlistments, assignments of officials, letters to foreign rulers, and so forth.

Nevertheless, other content of sīra, like the Constitution of Medina, are generally considered to be authentic.

Among the things Muhammad did in order to settle down the longstanding grievances among the tribes of Medina was drafting a document known as the Constitution of Medina.

The community defined in the Constitution of Medina had a religious outlook but was also shaped by the practical considerations and substantially preserved the legal forms of the old Arab tribes.

The Constitution of Medina, an early document said to have been negotiated by Muhammad in AD 622 with the leading clans of Medina, explicitly refers to Jewish and pagan citizens of Medina as members of the.

Circa 622, Muhammed established the Constitution of Medina, which incorporated religious freedom for Christians and Jews.

The Constitution of Medina (, Ṣaḥīfat al-Madīnah ), also known as the Charter of Medina, was drafted by the Islamic prophet Muhammad.

The precise dating of the Constitution of Medina remains debated but generally scholars agree it was written shortly after the Hijra ( 622 ).

Gaudium et Spes (, Joy and Hope ), the Pastoral Constitution on the Church in the Modern World, was one of the four Apostolic Constitutions resulting from the Second Vatican Council.

It is part of the Brazilian ensino básico (, " basic education "), which does include early childhood, elementary and secondary education ( the latter 2 mandatory ), all of those part of the Brazilian public education that should be provided free, as obligations of municipal ( only for early childhood and elementary education ) or state governments, to all its citizens ( including adults ) as defined in the rights of the Constitution of Brazil, and the duration is ideally 18 years if one enters the Day care at its 0 year ( pronounced, in Brazil this term is synonymous with nursery school or preschool ).

This Constitution (, Basic Law ), was completed on May 8, 1949, ratified on May 23, and came into effect the next day.

An autonomous community (, ) is the first-level political division of the Kingdom of Spain, established in accordance with the current Spanish Constitution of 1978.

The Constitution of Ireland (, ) is the fundamental law of Ireland.

Prince of Asturias (, ) is the historical ( and under the Spanish Constitution of 1978, the official ) title given to the heir to the Spanish throne.

The Guardian Council of the Constitution (, Shora-ye Negahban-e Qanun-e Assassi ), also known as the Guardian Council or Council of Guardians, is an appointed and constitutionally-mandated 12-member council that wields considerable power and influence in the Islamic Republic of Iran.

The primary legislation concerning court organization is the Courts Constitution Act (, or ).

Ironically, Sun Yat-sen's new government was not based on the Provisional Constitution ; rather, it was a military government and Sun was its " Grand Commander of the Armed Forces " (, translated in the Western press as " Generalissimo ").

" Bože pravde " (, meaning " God of Justice " or " Lord, Give Us Justice ") is the official anthem of Serbia, as defined by the Article 7 of the Constitution of Serbia.

The flag of Spain (, colloquially known as " la Rojigualda "), as it is defined in the Spanish Constitution of 1978, consists of three horizontal stripes: red, yellow and red, the yellow stripe being twice the size of each red stripe.

The current Constitution of the Russian Federation (, Konstitutsiya Rossiyskoy Federatsii ; ) was adopted by national referendum on.

The Spanish language in the Philippines (, or Philippine Spanish () was an official language of the Philippines from the beginning of Spanish rule since the times of Miguel López de Legazpi in the late 16th century, through American rule and independence, until the change of Constitution in 1973.

Sweden's Constitution of 1772 (, " Instrument of Government ") took effect through a bloodless coup d ' état carried out by King Gustav III, who had become king in 1771, establishing a brief absolute monarchy in Sweden.

The Council of State (, ) is an organ established by the Constitution of Portugal to advise the President of the Republic of Portugal in the exercise of many of his discretionary, reserve powers.

The Constitution of the Republic of Belarus (, ) is the ultimate law of Belarus.

Polish Plumber (, ) was a phrase first used by Philippe Val in Charlie Hebdo and popularised by Philippe de Villiers as a symbol of cheap labour coming in from Central Europe as a result of the Directive on services in the internal market during the EU Constitution referendum in France in 2005.

Anatoly Alexandrovich Sobchak (, August 10, 1937 — February 20, 2000 ) was a Russian politician, a co-author of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the first democratically elected mayor of Saint Petersburg, and a mentor and teacher of both Vladimir Putin and Dmitry Medvedev.

Nevertheless, in 1861, Lincoln justified the war in terms of legalisms ( the Constitution was a contract, and for one party to get out of a contract all the other parties had to agree ), and then in terms of the national duty to guarantee a republican form of government in every state.

The new Constitution provided for a much stronger national government with a chief executive ( the president ), courts, and taxing powers.

Pausanias, the second king of Sparta ( see Spartan Constitution for more information on Sparta's dual monarchy ), was supposed to provide Lysander with reinforcements as they marched into Boeotia, yet failed to arrive in time to assist Lysander, likely because Pausanias disliked him for his brash and arrogant attitude towards the Spartan royalty and government.

The Supreme Court of the United States held in its landmark case, McGowan v. Maryland ( 1961 ), that Maryland's blue laws violated neither the Free Exercise Clause nor the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment to the United States Constitution.

After producing a Vindication of the English Constitution, and some political pamphlets, Disraeli followed up Vivian Grey with a series of novels, The Young Duke ( 1831 ), Contarini Fleming ( 1832 ), Alroy ( 1833 ), Venetia and Henrietta Temple ( 1837 ).

The French State refuses to change the second article of the Constitution ( added in 1994 ), which states that “ the language of the Republic is French ”.

Before 1938, the federal courts, like almost all other common law courts, decided the law on any issue where the relevant legislature ( either the U. S. Congress or state legislature, depending on the issue ), had not acted, by looking to courts in the same system, that is, other federal courts, even on issues of state law, and even where there was no express grant of authority from Congress or the Constitution.

In 1974, following a coup sponsored by the Greek military junta of 1967-1974 and executed by the Cypriot National Guard the invasion of troops from Turkey ( citing its authority as one of the three guarantor powers established by the Constitution ), the Turkish Cypriots formally set up their own institutions with a popularly-elected separatist president and a Prime Minister, responsible to the National Assembly, exercising joint executive powers.

Practical results were mixed and mingled emerged ( such as the debate surrounding the constitutional prohibition of extradition, which later was reversed ), but together with the reincorporation of some of the guerrilla groups to the legal political framework, the new Constitution inaugurated an era that was both a continuation and a gradual, but significant, departure from what had come before.

Canada Day () is the national day of Canada, a federal statutory holiday celebrating the anniversary of the July 1, 1867, enactment of the British North America Act, 1867 ( today called the Constitution Act, 1867, in Canada ), which united three colonies into a single country called Canada within the British Empire.

The composition of the Constitution of Canada is defined in subsection 52 ( 2 ) of the Constitution Act, 1982 as consisting of the Canada Act 1982 ( including the Constitution Act, 1982 ), all acts and orders referred to in the schedule ( including the Constitution Act, 1867, formerly The British North America Act, 1867 ), and any amendments to these documents.

The patriation of the Canadian constitution was achieved in 1982 when the British and Canadian parliaments passed parallel acts: the Canada Act, 1982 ( 1982, c. 11 ), in London, and the Constitution Act, 1982, in Ottawa.

__NOTOC__The current Political Constitution of the Republic of Chile, approved by Chilean voters in a controversial and tightly controlled plebiscite on September 11, 1980, under the military dictatorship of Augusto Pinochet, partially effective March 11, 1981, fully effective 11 March 1990 and amended considerably on August 17, 1989 ( via referendum ) and on September 22, 2005 ( legislatively ), and also in 1991, 1994, 1997, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2003, 2007, 2008, 2009 and 2010, replaced the earlier constitution of 1925.

The power delegated to the federal government was significantly expanded by the Supreme Court decision in McCulloch v. Maryland ( 1819 ), amendments to the Constitution following the Civil War, and by some later amendments — as well as the overall claim of the Civil War, that the states were legally subject to the final dictates of the federal government.