“ It means the potential of a weapon of mass destruction and a terrorist, massive, casualty-producing event somewhere in the Western world – it may be in the United States of America – that causes our population to question our own Constitution and to begin to militarize our country in order to avoid a repeat of another mass, casualty-producing event.

A ban on the use of betting exchanges took effect in Western Australia on 29 January 2007, with Betfair successfully claiming this new law violated the Constitution of Australia.

Having completed a University of Western Australia masters degree by thesis in 1970, on the topic of the appropriations power under the Australian Constitution, in 1973 he won a Fulbright scholarship and was appointed as an associate in law at Columbia University, New York, teaching legal research and writing, and international law.

Most Western countries, and some others, have now banned it, but it remains lawful in the United States following a US Supreme Court decision in 1977 which held that paddling did not violate the US Constitution.

He represented Western Pennsylvania at the convention to ratify the Pennsylvania Constitution in 1790.

Ironically, Sun Yat-sen's new government was not based on the Provisional Constitution ; rather, it was a military government and Sun was its " Grand Commander of the Armed Forces " (, translated in the Western press as " Generalissimo ").

The other contends that the Indian Gaming Regulatory Act violates the Tenth Amendment to the United States Constitution as it is applied in the State of New York and is currently pending in the United States District Court for the Western District of New York.

* The Constitution Centre of Western Australia ( 2002 ).

For years Sir John Forrest fought with Robinson over Section 70 and Western Australia unilaterally passed the 1899 Constitution Amendment Act, taking control of Aboriginal Affairs without approval of the British House of Commons.

In his Path to Nigerian Freedom ( 1947 ) — the first systematic federalist manifesto by a Nigerian politician — he advocated federalism as the only basis for equitable national integration and, as head of the Action Group, he led demands for a federal constitution, which was introduced in the 1954 Lyttleton Constitution, following primarily the model proposed by the Western Region delegation led by him.

It has the features of a written constitution, and is considered by some as the first written Constitution in the Western tradition, and thus earned Connecticut its nickname of The Constitution State.

Unlike Western constitutions, the Soviet Constitution outlined limitations on political rights, whereas in democratic countries these limitations are usually left up to the legislative and / or judicial institutions.

The return of Grau to government, under the auspices of President Fulgencio Batista provided for the Cuban Constitution of 1940, one of the most progressive in the Western Hemisphere with regard to women's status, prohibiting discrimination on the basis of sex and calling for equal pay for equal work.

On Thursday 5 June 1998, Mr. Valli Moosa ( then Minister of Constitutional Development in the ANC government ) stated in a parliamentary budget debate that, " The ideal of some Afrikaners to develop the North Western Cape as a home for the Afrikaner culture and language within the framework of the Constitution and the Charter of Human Rights is viewed by the government as a legitimate ideal.

While the Constitution itself contained a mix of political Western practices and traditional Japanese political ideas, government philosophy increasingly centered on promoting social harmony and a sense of the uniqueness of the Japanese people ( kokutai ).

# Quoted in The Constitution Centre of Western Australia ( 2002 ), but no source given.

* Constitution Centre of Western Australia

A good deal of determined opposition to the bill, however, continued ; and Sir Frederick and two leading members of the Western Australian Legislature came to England, in December 1889, at the wish of the colony and with Lord Knutsford's concurrence, to give evidence before the select committee of the House of Commons, to which, early in the session of 1890, the Constitution Bill was referred.

On quitting Western Australia, in December 1889, for the mission to England in connection with the Constitution Bill, Sir Frederick and Lady Broome received many proofs of the esteem and regard of the colonists.

Forrest is named after Sir John Forrest, an explorer, legislator, Federalist, premier of Western Australia, and one of the fathers of the Australian Constitution.

The formation of the Government of Western Australia is prescribed in its Constitution, which dates from 1890, although it has been amended many times since then.

Since 1901 Western Australia has been a state of the Commonwealth of Australia, and the Australian Constitution regulates its relationship with the Commonwealth.

Under the Australian Constitution, Western Australia ceded certain legislative and judicial powers to the Commonwealth, but retained complete independence in all other areas.

Everything thus turns upon the status and meaning of clause 2 in the Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Act 1900, which provides: " The provisions of this Act referring to the Queen shall extend to Her Majesty's heirs and successors in the sovereignty of the United Kingdom.

Second, it is " merely an interpretative provision ", operating to ensure that references to " the Queen " in the Constitution are references to whoever may at the time be the incumbent of the " sovereignty of the United Kingdom " as determined with regard to Australia, following the Australia Act 1986, by Australian law.

Or, third, it incorporates the United Kingdom rules of succession into the Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Act, which itself can now be altered only by Australia, according to the Australia Act 1986 ; in that way, the British rules of succession have been patriated to Australia and, with regard to Australia, are subject to amendment or repeal solely by Australian law.

The Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Act created a federal system, in which power is divided between the federal, or national, government and the States — the evolved status of the colonies.

The Constitution stipulated that Australia was a constitutional monarchy, where the Head of State is the British ( or, since 1942, Australian ) monarch, who is represented at the federal level by a Governor-General, and at the state level by six Governors, one for each state.

" The Constitution grants the Governor-General a wide range of powers, but in practice he or she follows the conventions of the Westminster system and ( with rare exceptions ) acts only on the advice of the Prime Minister of Australia or other ministers.

In Australia, however, the powers are explicitly given to the Governor-General in the Constitution ; it is their use that is the subject of convention.

In Commentaries on the Constitution of the Commonwealth of Australia, Garran noted that, since the Australian executive is national in nature ( being dependent on the nationally elected House of Representatives, rather than the Senate ), " the Governor-General, as the official head of the Executive, does not in the smallest degree represent any federal element ; if he represents anything he is the image and embodiment of national unity and the outward and visible representation of the Imperial relationship of the Commonwealth.

The present incarnation of the position emerged with the Federation of Australia and the New South Wales Constitution Act 1902, which defined the viceregal office as the Governor acting by and with the Advice of the Executive Council of New South Wales.

:: Example 2 ( parliamentary absentee monarchy ): Under Chapter II, Section 61 of the Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Act 1900:

* Constitution Day ( Australia )

Despite being at the apex of executive government in the country, the office is not mentioned in the Constitution of Australia specifically and exists through an unwritten political convention.

The Prime Minister of Australia is appointed by the Governor-General of Australia under Section 64 of the Australian Constitution.

Ministers hold office " during the pleasure of the governor-general " ( s. 64 of the Constitution of Australia ), so theoretically, the governor-general can dismiss a minister at any time, by notifying them in writing of the termination of their commission ; however, his or her power to do so except on the advice of the prime minister is heavily circumscribed by convention.

These residual powers were finally removed by the Canada Act 1982, the Australia Act 1986, and the New Zealand Constitution Act 1986.

Australia is, in many respects, a unique hybrid with influences from the United States Constitution as well as from the traditions and conventions of the Westminster system.

* July 5 – The Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Act passes the British Parliament.

* July 9 – Queen Victoria gives her royal assent to the Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Act.