In the Catholic Church ( both the Latin Rite and Eastern Catholic ), Eastern Orthodox, Coptic and Anglican abbeys, the mode of election, position, rights, and authority of an abbess correspond generally with those of an abbot.

( Egypt and Coptic Church )

The Patriarchate of Alexandria ( Greek Orthodox Church of Alexandria and Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria ) claims to have been founded by Saint Mark.

296-298 – d. 2 May 373 ), also referred to as St. Athanasius the Great, St. Athanasius I of Alexandria, St Athanasius the Confessor and ( primarily in the Coptic Orthodox Church ) St Athanasius the Apostolic, was the 20th bishop of Alexandria.

Athanasius is venerated as a Christian saint, whose feast day is 2 May in Western Christianity, 15 May in the Coptic Orthodox Church, and 18 January in the other Eastern Orthodox Churches.

Category: Popes of the Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria

He is celebrated in many churches on his feast days: 30 January in the Old-Calendar Eastern Orthodox Church and the Coptic Orthodox Church ; 17 January in the New-Calendar Eastern Orthodox Church, the Bulgarian Orthodox Church, the Roman Catholic Church and the Coptic Catholic Church.

In the Coptic Orthodox Church chapter three is chanted on the twelfth hour of the Good Friday service, that commemorates the burial of Jesus.

The Oriental Orthodox communion comprises six groups: Syriac Orthodox, Coptic Orthodox, Ethiopian Orthodox, Eritrean Orthodox, Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church ( India ) and Armenian Apostolic churches.

Many of Cairo's oldest Coptic churches, including the Hanging Church, are located along the fortress walls in a section of the city known as Coptic Cairo.

The creed became standard orthodox doctrine, while the Coptic Church of Alexandria dissented, holding to Cyril's formula of the oneness of Christ ’ s nature as the incarnation of God the Word.

This miaphysite position, historically characterised by Chalcedonian followers as " monophysitism " though this is denied by the dissenters, formed the basis for the distinction from other churches of the Coptic Church of Egypt and Ethiopia and the " Jacobite " churches of Syria and Armenia ( see Oriental Orthodoxy ).

The Coptic Orthodox Church Synaxarium commemorates him on the fourth of the month tobi ( January 12, equivalent to December 30 in the Gregorian calendar due to the current 13-day Julian-Gregorian offset ).

On this day the Coptic Church commemorates Lazarus, the Brother of the LORD.

The Liturgy of St Gregory the Theologian in use by the Coptic Church is named after him.

The Synaxarium of the Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria says that he was thrown to the wild beasts that devoured him and rendered him into pieces.

The Coptic Synaxarium states that St. John the Evangelist lived over 90 years, and they used to carry him to the gatherings of the believers.

Born to a lower middle-class Muslim family in the Gamaleyya quarter of Cairo, Mahfouz was named after Professor Naguib Pasha Mahfouz ( 1882 – 1974 ), the renowned Coptic physician who delivered him.

The early tradition that expanded upon the Martyrdom to link Polycarp in competition and contrast with John the Apostle who, though many people had tried to kill him, was not martyred but died of old age after being exiled to the island of Patmos, is embodied in the Coptic language fragmentary papyri ( the " Harris fragments ") dating to the 3rd to 6th centuries.

Shenouda's native Egyptian tongue and knowledge of Greek and rhetoric gave him the necessary tools to elevate Coptic, in content and style, to a literary height nearly equal to the position of the Egyptian language in pre-Christian Egypt.

The record of the 29th of the Coptic month of Hatour states that this saint was born in Rome to an honorable father whose name was Fostinus and who was a member of the Roman senate and that his father educated him and taught him Greek literature.

Thoth's chief temple was located in the city of Khmun, later renamed Hermopolis Magna during the Greco-Roman era ( in reference to him through the Greeks ' interpretation that he was the same as their god Hermes ) and Eshmûnên in the Coptic rendering.

He did, however, correctly establish the link between the ancient Egyptian and the modern Coptic languages, and some commentators regard him as the founder of Egyptology.

Antonios and consecrated him General Bishop for Christian Education and as Dean of the Coptic Orthodox Theological Seminary, whereupon he assumed the name Shenouda, which was the name of the Coptic saint, Shenoute the Archimandrite ( lived 347 / 348 – 465 / 466 ), as well as two previous popes: Shenouda I ( Episcopate 859 – 880 ) and Shenouda II ( Episcopate 1047 – 1077 ).

On 30 September 1962, Pope Cyril VI appointed him to the bishopric of Christian Education and as Dean of the Coptic Orthodox Theological Seminary, and renamed him Shenouda in honour of the most renowned scholar and writer in Coptic, Saint Shenouda the Archimandrite ( lived 347 / 348 – 465 / 466 ).

Abraham celebrated mass and the multitude chanted after him kyrie layson ( Coptic for " Lord have mercy "), pleading for God's mercy.

Those who rejected the Chalcedonian Definition -- later called ' Monophysites ' and who nowadays style themselves ' Oriental Orthodox ', including the Coptic Church, the Armenian Orthodox Church, and the Syrian Orthodox Church -- agreed with Eutyches over ' one nature ' in Christ, but did not attempt to rehabilitate him, recognizing that he had been wrong to reject Christ's dual consubstantiality ( with the Father and with us men ).

Dioscorus I is considered a saint by the Coptic, Syriac, and other Oriental Orthodox churches, while the Eastern Orthodox and Catholic Churches have frequently deemed him a heretic.

It is clear that by the seventh century Makuria had become officially Coptic and loyal to the Coptic Patriarch of Alexandria ; the king of Makuria became the defender of the patriarch of Alexandria, occasionally intervening militarily to protect him, as Kyriakos did in 722.

In 1956, Gamal Abdel Nasser, the president of Egypt at this time, chose him to be the only Coptic Christian Minister ( Secretary ) of supply and trade in the Egyptian cabinet.

The precise differences in theology that caused the split with the Coptic Christians are still disputed, highly technical and mainly concerned with the nature of Christ.

Pope Cyril IV established very friendly relations with other denominations, to the extent that when the Greek Patriarch in Egypt had to absent himself for a long period of time outside the country, he left his Church under the guidance of the Coptic Patriarch.

Native languages are used, in conjunction with Coptic, during services outside of Egypt.

Coptic Orthodox Christians celebrate Christmas on 7 January ( Gregorian Calendar ), which coincides with 25 December according to the Julian Calendar.

On March 17, 2012 the Coptic Orthodox Pope, Pope Shenouda III died leaving many Copts mourning and worrying as tensions rise with Muslims.

The two churches remain in full communion with each other and with the other Oriental Orthodox Churches, although the Coptic Orthodox Church does not recognize the deposition of the third Patriarch of Eritrea, Abune Antonios.

So does the Coptic Church, which, being part of Oriental Orthodoxy, is not in communion with the Eastern Orthodox Church and considers itself " the True Church of the Lord Jesus Christ ".

The doors of the mosques in Cairo were of two kinds ; those which, externally, were cased with sheets of bronze or iron, cut out in decorative patterns, and incised or inlaid, with bosses in relief ; and those in wood, which were framed with interlaced designs of the square and diamond, this latter description of work being Coptic in its origin.

Under the next three centuries of Hellenistic Egypt, the Coptic writing system evolved and the Library of Alexandria was opened, and this likely had an influence upon books of magic, with the trend on known incantations switching from simple health and protection charms to more specific things such as financial success and sexual fullfillment.

The Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria also recognizes John Chrysostom as a saint ( with feast days on 16 Thout and 17 Hathor ).

Prime Minister of the Gold Coast ( British colony ) | Gold Coast Dr. Kwame Nkrumah with Egyptian Egyptology | Egyptologist Pahor Labib at the Coptic Museum in Cairo, Egypt, in 1956.

* In the Coptic Orthodox Church, the New Year, called Neyrouz, coincides with 11 September in the Gregorian calendar between 1900 and 2099, with the exception of the year before Gregorian leap years, when Neyrouz occurs on 12 September.

He called it " cursive Coptic " because, although it had few similarities with the later Coptic script, he was convinced that it was used to record some form of the Coptic language ( the direct descendant of Ancient Egyptian ).

Champollion's table of hieroglyphic phonetic characters with their demotic and Coptic equivalents ( 1822 )

Although the Arabs soon abandoned attempts to reduce Nubia by force, Arab Muslim domination of Egypt and persecution of native Egyptian Christians often made it difficult to communicate with the Coptic patriarch or to obtain Egyptian-trained clergy.

Based on recent studies which present us with approximations based on contemporary languages ( specifically, Greek ) and Coptic evidence, the reconstructed pronunciation of her name is * Usat.