To insure uniformity in the meaning of national law, however, state interpretations are subject to Supreme Court review.

Polish Constitutional Court however, in September 2008, decided that the regulations were unconstitutional and dismissed them.

The Alien and Sedition Acts were, however, never appealed to the Supreme Court, whose right of judicial review was not established until Marbury v. Madison in 1803.

Arias thus remained barred from a second term as president ; however, in April 2003 – by which time two of the four judges who had voted against the change in 2000 had been replaced – the Court reconsidered the issue and, with the only dissenters being the two anti-reelection judges remaining from 2000, declared the 1969 amendment null and thus opened the way to reelection for former presidents – which in practice meant Arias.

In practice, however, if someone is acquitted in a lower District Court, then the prosecutor can appeal to the High Court, and then to the Supreme Court.

In the United States, public school teacher unions, most notably the National Education Association ( the largest labor union in the USA ), argue against the idea of school vouchers for concern that it would erode educational standards and reduce funding, and that giving money to parents who choose to send their child to a religious or other school is unconstitutional ; however, the latter issue has been struck down by the Supreme Court case Zelman v. Simmons-Harris, which upheld Ohio's voucher plan in a 5-4 ruling.

The government sidestepped the ruling, however, saying " The government construes this Court ’ s Order as applying only as to the named plaintiffs in this suit.

The President does however hold reserve powers, such as referring a bill to the Supreme Court to test its constitutionality, which are used under the president's discretion.

Court life, however, brought Kepler into contact with other prominent scholars ( Johannes Matthäus Wackher von Wackhenfels, Jost Bürgi, David Fabricius, Martin Bachazek, and Johannes Brengger, among others ) and astronomical work proceeded rapidly.

Serious (" indictable ") offences, however, must be tried before a jury in the Crown Court.

Even in these, however, Arthur's court has started to embody legendary Britain as a whole, with " Arthur's Court " sometimes substituted for " The Island of Britain " in the formula " Three XXX of the Island of Britain ".

The Supreme Court ( previously the House of Lords ) however does not have to obey its own precedent.

The two highest courts, the Supreme Court ( Högsta domstolen ) and the Supreme Administrative Court ( Regeringsrätten ), have the right to set precedent which is in practice ( however not formally ) binding on all future application of the law.

In cases addressing other encryption software, however, two federal appeals courts have established the rule that cryptographic software source code is speech protected by the First Amendment ( the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals in the Bernstein case and the Sixth Circuit Court of Appeals in the Junger case ).

The Court was given nine cases during 1922 and 1923, however, with judgments called " cases " and advisory opinions called " questions ".

In June 1969, however, they were temporarily paroled under an amnesty for political prisoners, but in November of that year, the Federal Constitutional Court ( Bundesverfassungsgericht ) demanded that they return to custody.

The Supreme Court has not decided, however, whether states can provide vouchers for secular schools only, excluding sectarian schools.

The Court has not indicated, however, whether this holding extends to the public school context, and it may well be limited to the context of individuals training to enter the ministry.

Court intrigues, however, including Nur Jahan's decision to have her daughter from her first marriage wed Shah Jahan's youngest brother Shahzada Shahryar and her support for his claim to the throne led Khurram, supported by Muhabbat Khan, into open revolt against his father in 1622.

At the time of the conflict, however, it was not established that the Supreme Court could resolve state boundary disputes, and Jackson declined the offer.

Pakistan has Islam as its only official religion and its Federal Shariat Court has the duty of striking down any law not complying with the Sharia code of Islamic law ; however, ruling falls upon legal scholars who, while required to be Muslim, are not religious clergy.

On review the Supreme Court, via Mr. Justice Frankfurter, found southern racial problems `` a sensitive area of social policy on which the federal courts ought not to enter unless no alternative to adjudication is open ''.

`` It is a duty '', said Hough, `` not to let pass this opportunity of protesting against the methods of taking and printing testimony in Equity, current in this circuit ( and probably others ), excused if not justified by the rules of the Supreme Court, especially to be found in patent causes, and flagrantly exemplified in this litigation.

Part of Title I was found unconstitutional by the United States Supreme Court as it pertains to states in the case of Board of Trustees of the University of Alabama v. Garrett as violating the sovereign immunity rights of the several states as specified by the Eleventh Amendment to the United States Constitution.

Subsequent mentions in Supreme Court opinions beginning in the mid-20th century have assumed that it would today be found unconstitutional.

Bosnia and Herzegovina filed a suit against the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia ( today Serbia ) before the International Court of Justice for aggression and genocide during the Bosnian War which was dismissed and Serbia was found innocent.

High Court Judge Rita Joseph-Olivetti found in favour of Digicel and quashed the original decision.

Patasse has been found guilty of major crimes in Bangui and CAR has brought a case to the International Criminal Court against him and Jean Pierre Bemba from the neighbouring Democratic Republic of Congo accusing them both of multiple crimes in suppressing one of the mutinies against Patasse.

In 1507, she also held the position of Ambassador for the Spanish Court in England when her father found himself without one, becoming the first female ambassador in European history.

Under Tax Court of Canada Rules of Tax Court of Canada Act, a person who is found to be in contempt may be imprisoned for a period of less than two years or fined.

The High Court of Justice, Family Division, in the UK found there to be " widespread sexual abuse of young children and teenagers by adult members of The Family ".

Daniel Webster, an alumnus of the class of 1801, presented the College's case to the Supreme Court, which found the amendment of Dartmouth's charter to be an illegal impairment of a contract by the state and reversed New Hampshire's takeover of the College.

A 1998 United States Supreme Court decision found most of the island to be part of New Jersey.

In fact the Court only found a state guilty of torture in 1996 in the case of a detainee who was suspended by his arms whilst his hands were tied behind his back.

An example of a Court's treatment of frivolous arguments is found in the case of Crain v. Commissioner, 737 F. 2d 1417 ( 1984 ), from the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit:

Laws passed by states that restrict these actions have generally been found unconstitutional by the U. S. Supreme Court.

" The term intellectual property can be found used in an October 1845 Massachusetts Circuit Court ruling in the patent case Davoll et al.

The Tenure of Office Act would later be found unconstitutional by the Supreme Court of the United States in dicta.

2004 ), the U. S. Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit the court ruled persons found not guilty by reason of insanity and later want to challenge their confinement may not attack their initial successful insanity defense:

In 2001, the Nevada Supreme Court found that their state's abolition of the defense was unconstitutional as a violation of Federal due process.

The United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit found the process violated the employees ' privacy rights and has issued a preliminary injunction.

Although Weah was still threatening to take his claims to the Supreme Court if no evidence of fraud was found, Johnson-Sirleaf was declared winner on November 23, 2005, and took office on January 16, 2006.

The concept of " Miranda rights " was enshrined in U. S. law following the 1966 Miranda v. Arizona Supreme Court decision, which found that the Fifth and Sixth Amendment rights of Ernesto Arturo Miranda had been violated during his arrest and trial for domestic violence.

The Supreme Court found that such an unadvised statement was admissible in evidence because " n a kaleidoscopic situation such as the one confronting these officers, where spontaneity rather than adherence to a police manual is necessarily the order of the day, the application of the exception we recognize today should not be made to depend on post hoc findings at a suppression hearing concerning the subjective motivation of the police officer ".

* 2005 – US Supreme Court rules that the execution of juveniles found guilty of murder is unconstitutional marking a change in " national standards ,".